Differences Between Leadership and Management

Beckhard elaborates about what leadership is like, drawing the line between this and that of management. Leadership has to do with change, enthusiasm and encouragement for the tasks, and influence. These three vital traits, each one linked with a specific function for leaders include:1) The imagination to innovate:   To promote innovation, successful leaders assist in cultivating novel view, the ideas, paradigm, and applications of expertise that makes an organization distinct. 2) The professionalism to perform: Leaders offer personal and organizational capability, assisted by personnel preparation and education, to implement impeccably and dispense worth to ever more difficult and exacting customers. 3) The openness to work in partnership: Leaders create associations and linkages with partners who can enlarge the organization's contact, improve its contributions, or strengthen its systems. Since an organization is composed of people, this leader knows a lot about human nature so h e can appropriately anticipate and adjust to various personalities (Beckhard, R. 1969).Mulhauser, Greg. Management Skills and Leadership Skills. Accessed February 27,2008. Mulhauser argues that there is no delineation line between management and leadership and the skills pertinent to the issue. Anchored on the theoretical perspective of Carl Rogers especially on the latter’s concepts like Acceptance, Authenticity and Empathic Listening, the author explores the development of these characteristics well into the individual manager or leader’s style which springs essentially from the person’s character.The author believes that many of the theories set forth on any of these two issues are defective simply because the fact remains that there is simply no distinction as to when leadership starts and ends and where management plays its role in the picture. The author puts forth practical situations and strategies to apply the theory or concept as posited by Carl Rogers . This is an important resource because few theorists effectively can succinctly communicate what leadership and management concepts are and how they are better applied in specific settings.Sullivan, Eleanor and Phillip J. Decker. 2005. Effective Leadership and Nursing Management in Nursing, with Student Video (4th Edition). Authors Sullivan and Decker, wrote a very effective communication piece in the 2005 book Effective Leadership and Nursing Management in Nursing.   Although there is no argument whether leadership is vastly different from management, it carries with it the idea that the practical application of the skills comes in two important aspects and that they are indispensable as well as distinct and inseparable.The authors identified that organizations are designed in their specific arrangements as they function and these are pertinent in how the people working in their specific areas are handled and led. The book is a great resource when specific situations (i.e., staf fing and recruiting, coaching and disciplining as well as issues as handling conflict and the workplace stress) that are common in the field of nursing and health care especially where the unique challenges are being faced by both administration and management and frontline staff in this particular field.Jaques, E. (2002). Social Power and the CEO: Leadership and Trust in a sustainable free enterprise system. Westport, Connecticut: Quorum Books in McMorland, Judith. 2005. â€Å"Are you big enough for your jobs? Is your job big enough for you? Exploring levels of work organizations. University of Auckland Business Review. Vol. 7, No.2.According to Dr. Jacques, there is actually no difference between these two terminologies (leadership and management) in the prime values that Dr. Elliot Jacques placed on every part of the organization and as he postulated in his stratified systems theory. When he called for the individual responsibility, he meant that whether the person in the spotli ght may be the rank and file individual or he happens to be the plant manager, the type of leadership that is seen is expressive of this core value.Management then implies the adoption of accountability and this summarily implies leadership knowing as mentioned in the preceding pages on influence and exercise of power, when a person exercises accountability, he actually exerts leadership; leading by example and it is fundamentally ethical and transferable. Management and leadership are seen then, as interchangeable essentials, and according to Dr. Jacques, the existence and continuity as well as the perpetuation of a successful team depend much on the kind of leadership exemplified in the theory he posited.Bruffee, Kenneth A. Collaborative Learning: Higher Education, Interdependence,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and the Authority of Knowledge. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1993.The author explains in prà ©cis the need for a more efficient, economical and equitab le management of the people in the industry or organization has never been as pronounced as it is today. This need has never been brought about by factors which inevitably affect not only the established structures and ways of doing things within the personnel area but also by the more meaningful and substantial task of managing the organization’s most important asset – the human capital. Among these factors are: stiffer competition in business; rapid changes in technological, competitive and economic environments; the explosion of technical and managerial knowledge; spiraling wage and benefits cost and so many others. These factors have no doubt been responsible for the emergence of the personnel function as a vital area in the implementation of corporate strategy.Demick, J. and Miller, P., Development in the Workplace, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publishers, New Jersey, 1993.Demick and Miller places in context first what an organ ization is like and settles how it can affect behavior in general and when that is established, proceeded to explain leadership and management in this context. In organizational behavior which is basic to the management of human resource, it points to the inquiry and application of learning about how people, individuals, and groups perform, operate, and work in organizations. It accomplishes this by means of adopting a system approach. Explicitly, it infers people-organization affairs in terms of the entire person, group totality, complete organization, and total social structure. Its intention is to put up enhance relations by attaining human goals, organizational purposes, and social goals. In such a milieu, the goals to effect change are influenced by several significant factors which are crucial to the overall results. Hence, there are expected leadership behaviors that maintain momentum during the change process.

The Gestalt Approach

The Gestalt approach was about how people represent a problem in their own minds, and how solving a problem involves a reorganization or restructuring of this representation. The first central idea of Gestalt problem solving is how a problem is represented in a person’s mind. This means what do they think about the problem? They would give people a problem and then see how they could figure out how to solve it by restructuring the problem. Then the second idea of Gestalt is insight. Insight is when you have a sudden realization of how the problem should be solved.Gestalt assumed that when people were figuring out problems that when they finally have the answer this is insight. Insight is like that Aha! Moment you get when you finally figured the problem out. They believed that restructuring the problems was directly involved in solving insight problems. One of the major obstacles to solving these problems was fixation. Fixation is when people tend to focus on one specific prob lem area of the problem that keeps them from seeing the real problem, and being able to solve it. When looking at a problem some people tend to have a preconception of how the problem should be solved.This is called a mental set. The mental set is a preconceived notion about how to approach a problem, which is determined by a person’s experience or what has worked in the past. The Information- Processing Approach is Newell and Simon’s approach to solving problems. They saw problems in terms of an initial state. An Initial state is the conditions at the beginning of a problem. Then you have the goal state which is the solution of the problem. They used the Tower of Hanoi problem, which is three discs stacked on the left peg and the goal state as these discs stacked on the right peg.During this problem they introduced the idea of operators which is the actions that take the problem from one state to another. Each step of the problem created and intermediate state. When a problems starts it starts with the initial state and continues through a number of intermediates states that finally reach the goal state. All of these together, the initial state, goal state and all the intermediate states for the problems are called a problem space. A person has to search the problem to find the solution to it, and one way of directing the search of finding the answer is a strategy called means-end nalysis. The goal of means-end analysis is to reduce the difference between the initial state and the goal state. This is achieved by sub goals. Sub goals are the intermediate states that get you closer to the goal state. Analogical problem solving involves three steps according to Gick and Holyoak. Step one is noticing. You have to notice that there is an analogous relationship between the source story and the target problem. This is a crucial step in analogical problem solving. The second step of this is mapping. Mapping is when you have to correspond between the sou rce story and the target problem.You have to map the different parts of the story together in order to help you solve the problem. Then, the third step is to apply. Applying is you take all of the connections you made during mapping and apply them so you can successfully solve the problem. One thing that makes the first step difficult is that people tend to focus on the surface features of the problem. Surface features are the specific element that makes up the problem. Then you have the structural features. Structural features are the underlying principle that governs the solution.Studies have shown that when people are able to get enough sleep they are able to perform better when it comes to figuring out a solution to a problem. If someone has studied and then are able to go to sleep without any interruption they are able to process more of what they studied, because our mind will take it all in. If someone studied and then had to stay up a while before they went to sleep they are open to more distractions, and this can cause them not to be able to think about what they know and help them solve the problem effectively.If I had to pick out three of the objects on our paper to create something it would be the, circle, the rainbow shape and the cross. I would take the circle and make it like a tire that would bounce, and then connect to cross shape to it to make a back for a seat and use the rainbow shape as a handle so I could hold on. In order to use this for transportation you would sit on it and bounce to where ever you needed to go. It would also make a nice chair to just be able to sit on. If you were to use it as a scientific instrument you could use it see how far it would bounce from point a to oint b, and then measure the distance in between. I’m not really sure how it would be used as an appliance, unless you wanted to use it as a heater. If you bounce up and down enough times it would warm the body and you would no longer be cold. Kids would love this to be able to bounce on all over the place, so it would make an excellent toy that could keep a child entertained for hours. If I was to use this as a weapon I could pick it up and throw it at someone and hope it knocks them out, while I run the other direction.

Competitiveness of Philippines in global map Essay

0.5% of world-wide GDP share implies Philippines is really an insignificant player in world economy in terms of economic output, and 95 millions population, about 1.5% of ~7 billion world population, means current productivity level is only one third of world average. This is a typical characteristic of developing Asian countries, i.e., high population but low economic production output. However, even if only comparing with average of developing Asian countries, including China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, the growth of Philippines’ GDP per capita is still significantly lagging behind in the past 20 years, and the gap is continuously widen since 2006. Philippines is at the stage of transitioning from factor driven economy to efficiency driven economy. What is promising for Philippines is that the global ranking of competitiveness among 144 countries is improving for the last three year, 85 – 75 – 65, and indices â€Å"Macroeconomic environment†, â€Å"Market size† are even among the top 40. The indices show â€Å"Labor market efficiency†, â€Å"Infrastructure†, â€Å"Health and primary education†, â€Å"Institution† and â€Å"Innovation† are area lagging behind. From the survey data of â€Å"The most problematic factors for doing business† in Philippines show government corruption, bureaucracy and policy instability are the most problematic issues businessmen are facing, other than inadequate infrastructure such as road, stable supply of electricity etc. I. Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in the Philippines Historically, the Philippines have been an important centre for commerce for centuries for its important location in south east Asia. Since 1980s, the Philippines have opened their economy to foreign markets, and established a network of free trade agreements with several countries. Some Philippines’ Import and Export Indicators and Statistics are list below: – Total value of exports: US$50.72 billion – Primary exports – commodities: semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, fruits – Primary exports partners: US (17.6 percent of total exports), Japan (16.2 percent), Netherlands (9.8 percent), Hong Kong (8.6 percent), China (7.7 percent), Germany (6.5 percent), Singapore (6.2 percent), South Korea (4.8 percent) – Total value of imports: US$59.9 billion – Primary imports – commodities: electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and transport equipment, iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains, chemicals, plastic – Primary imports partners: Japan (12.5 percent of total imports), US (12 percent), China (8.8 percent), Singapore (8.7 percent), South Korea (7.9 percent), Taiwan (7.1 percent), Thailand (5.7 percent) The United States is one of the Philippines top trading partners. In 2010, according to US Department of Commerce data, trade between the Philippines and US amounts to US$15.4 billion. US is also the Philippines largest foreign investor, with foreign direct investment close to US$6 billion at the end of 2009. As of 21st century, the country is member in several international trade organizations including the APEC, ASEAN and WTO, under the new Aquino administration, the government plans to open up the country to more foreign investment in industries such as business processing operations, mining and tourism. However, this move may be hindered by restrictions such a prohibition of foreign ownership of land and public utilities. Also foreign investment was also impact by the financial crisis in 2008-2009 period, historical foreign investment data, breakdown by industry and country are listed below: Net inflows of foreign direct investments (FDI) to the Philippines for the first two months of 2012 were $850 million, three times higher than the $335 million during the same period in 2011, showing a strong recovery of the foreign investment in Philippines. II. Basic Education System The former basic education system of the Philippines is composed of: 6 years of elementary education starting at the age of 6 or 7, and 4 years of high school education starting at the age of 12 or 13. In this system, high school education is not compulsory. A formal public education system structure is show below: Participation rate for elementary school in 2009 is 89.43%, go up to 89.89% in 2010. As for secondary school, 2009 is 59.86%, go up to 61.26% in 2010. For Kindergarten, 1.65 million children enrolled in 2010, participation rate of 75.72%, grow to 2.04 million, participation rate of 91.67%, in 2011. These numbers are not impressive even compared to Asian developing countries. As the country need to improve overall productivity, higher quality human resource is a must pre-requisite, more resource allocation to education is in top priority list of Philippines government. Since June 4, 2012, Department of Education started to implement the new K-12 basic educational system, which includes the new curricula for all schools including one year of kindergarten(for 5 years old), 6 years of primary education, 4 years of junior high school and 2 years of senior high school. In this system, basic education is now compulsory. Program implementation in public schools is being done in phases starting SY 2012–2013. Grade 1 entrants in SY 2012–2013 are the first batch to fully undergo the program, and current 1st year Junior High School students (or Grade 7) are the first to undergo the enhanced secondary education program. First cohort of K to 12 grade 6 and Grade 12 will graduate in 2018. III. Population and Workforce Population – 103,775,002 (July 2011 est.) Age group – 0-14 years: 34.6% (male 17,999,279/female 17,285,040) 15-64 years: 61.1% (male 31,103,967/female 31,097,203) 65 years and over: 4.3% (male 1,876,805/female2,471,644) (2011 est.) Population growth rate – 1.873% (2011 est.) Birth rate – 24.98 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) Death rate – 4.98 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) Urbanization – urban population: 49% of total population (2010) Major cities – population – MANILA (capital) 11.449 million Relatively young population, due to high birth rate, is one of the key force that push Philippines economic growth. This means sufficient young labor force supply to industries and also a big consumer market demand for young people. It is estimated that between 9.5 million to 12.5 million Filipinos work or reside abroad, these Overseas Filipino Workers, or OFWs, constitute 11% of the total population. In 2012, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), the central bank of the Philippines, expects official remittances from OFWs coursed through banks and agents to grow 5% over 2011 to US$21 billion, but official remittances are only a fraction of all remittances. Remittances by unofficial, including illegal, channels are estimated by to be 30 to 40% higher than the official BSP figure. OFW remittances represent 13.5% of the country’s GDP, the largest in proportion to the domestic economy. Philippines is considered having a highly skilled labor force, proficiency in English, and a constant stream of college-educated graduates entering the workforce. This attracts many foreign companies to set up operation here. Take one of the fastest growing industries in the country, Call center, as example, Call centers began in the Philippines as plain providers of email response and managing services, these have industrial capabilities for almost all types of customer relations, ranging from travel services, technical support, education, customer care, financial services, and online business-to-customer support, online business-to-business support. Due to its less expensive operational and labor costs, highly skilled labor force, the Philippines is overtaking India as the largest call center hub in the world. Reference 1. World Economic Forum. 2012. Global Competitiveness Report_2012-2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.weforum.org/reports. [Accessed 25 November 12]. 2. Economy Watch. 2012. Philippines Trade, Exports and Imports. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/philippines/export-import.html. [Accessed 25 November 12]. 3. Department of Trade and Industry, Philippines. 2012. Total Approved Foreign Direct Investments 1996-2009. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.dti.gov.ph/dti/index.php?p=3. [Accessed 25 November 12]. 4. Slideshare. 2012. The State of Basic education. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/arangkadaph/state-of-education-in-the-philippines-2012. [Accessed 26 November 12]. 5. Department of Education, Philippines. 2012. The K to 12 Basic Education Program. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.deped.gov.ph/default.asp. [Accessed 26 November 12]. 6. World Bank, Human Development Department, 2010. â€Å"Philippines Skills Report, Skills for Labor Market in the Philippines†, Report No. 50096-PH, March 2010. 7. Youtube video: Population in the Philippines, 2012. [Accessed 26 November 12]. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YatkDHzahWw&feature=relmfu. Filipinos Working abroad, 2012. [Accessed 26 November 12]. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=At1OVpefZus&feature=relmfu. World Call Center Capital, 2012. [Accessed 26 November 12]. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=kFBgauGCOEQ&NR=1,

Guernica the Most Famous Painting by Pablo Picasso Essay

Guernica the Most Famous Painting by Pablo Picasso - Essay Example The essay "Guernica the Most Famous Painting by Pablo Picasso" explores the painting of Pablo Picasso. The name of the painting is "Guernica". This painting was done after the Basque bombing of 1937, during the well known Spanish war. The bombing shocked and angered young Pablo and he decided to do a painting of the experience. According to Hensley, Guernica is 3.5 by 7.8 meters big. It is also black, grey and white in color and is painted in oil. Pablo’s Guernica painting was commissioned by the Spanish Republican Government for display of the Spanish culture in 1937. This painting has played an important role in politics as its main aim was to change the way people thought and viewed power. It portrays the tragedies of war and the suffering of the affected people, especially the innocent victims. Pablo’s painting portrays broken people and animals showing anguishing pain. The painting has monumental status and it became a perpetual reminder about the war. It made the world know about the Spanish civil war. The Guernica painting has the following symbols; a bull, a horse, a young woman holding a light, a dead person, a woman overlooking at the window, a bird and a vertical person at the end. The symbols in the painting have different meanings. For example, the bull and the horse are important animals in the Spanish culture. The painting represents at least three major themes in Pablo’s Picasso life and his art. The crucifixion, the national ritual of bullfighting, and the mythological tradition of the Minotaur.

Qualitative Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Qualitative Article Critique - Essay Example 2718). b. Research Problem As the topic of the journal article clearly suggests, it is very important for nurses to acquire excellent skills regarding the understanding of the patients’ problems and devising solutions to counter those problems. Many researchers (e.g. Hardy & Smith 2008; Pardue 1987; Mattingly 1991) have studied the importance of clinical judgments and have found that clinical decision making is becoming a significant part of today’s health care. Thompson et al. (2004), in their research, also affirm that the nurses’ â€Å"decisions have important implications for patient outcomes†. How clinicians process patients’ and their diseases’ information while giving serious consideration to psychosocial issues is the research problem the author has brought forward. According to him, the â€Å"current theoretical explanations of clinical judgement† are â€Å"incomplete† (p. 2711) because these do not talk about the psych osocial issues that should be involved in clinical treatment. Since, past research has only focused on decision making for acute care hospital settings; hence, there was much need for a research that talked about clinical judgments from outpatient perspective where clinicians and patients both participate in the decision making process. The author has come up with a grounded theory study that suggests mutual intacting which involves such strategies that the health practitioners used in decision making while enabling the patients to actively engage in the process. This also helped improve the relationship between the practitioners and their patients. The problem statement very well goes with the title the author has suggested and has good scholastic importance. The problem can be well understood by an average reader and the research is not limited to the author’s own aptitudes and ideas. The abstract provides a brief but compact summary of the research and gives a good overvie w of the research’s aim, background, method, findings and conclusion. c. Research Questions/Hypotheses This research sought to test the hypothesis about how much important is the decision making ability or clinical judgment for nurses who are working at advanced clinical level in chronic and acute care outpatient contexts. The hypothesis was testable and explained the problem surely well by simultaneously giving significance to physician-patient relationship which the author referred to as psychosocial issues often ignored in the past literature. The author’s main research question was- what practice strategies are being and should be used by the practitioners to assist eliciting patient information and deciding on treatment interventions? What were the clinicians’ main concerns when making clinical judgements for the patient? and how did they resolve those concerns? 2. Review of the Literature The author has given an extensive review of literature citing other researchers’ works and explaining them in order to support the need to conduct this specific research. He has cited many researches which discuss the importance of clinical judgment in acute care hospitals or for critical care. The research works in this manner studied by the author came from Lajoie et al. (1998), Cioffi (2001), McCaughan et al. (2002), Bucknall (2003), Hoffman et al. (2004), Hancock & Easen (2006). The author has mentioned the work by Lauri & Salantara (1998) who conducted an empirical research and

League Of Denial Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

League Of Denial - Movie Review Example For instance, the NFL changed the kickoff laws in which the team starting the drive moved to the 35-yard line (Fainaru-Wada and Fainaru 27). This was in an effort to reduce tackles at the end zones before conversion of scores. The NFL should have been proactive in offering monetary and medical assistance to prior NFL players by requiring all teams to insure their members. Similarly, the NFL should facilitate medical and financial assistance to players who get injured during matches. This can be achieved by having stand-by ambulances to offer first-aid services when concussions occur (Fainaru-Wada and Fainaru 25). I do not believe that the NFL has lost popularity due to the acknowledgement of the head traumas because all sports personalities experience injuries. It is also a good gesture to inform the public and would-be players of the head injuries and to warn them of the same. As a result, the NFL did not lose popularity since other sports do not acknowledge the occurrence of injuries. However, the NFL will lose revenue due to this type of publicity because the sponsoring companies would not like to associate with risky sports. Similarly, the fan attendance of the games might drop for fear of witnessing players being stretched off the pitches because of head injuries. This shows that publicity should always convey positive information to the public and manage the negative issues (Fainaru-Wada and Fainaru

An introduction to John Miller Chernoff's book on Africa Rhythm , Essay

An introduction to John Miller Chernoff's book on Africa Rhythm , discuss the Dundun ' hour glass' or 'tension' drum - Essay Example The book talks about varied aspects of African music are it political, spiritual or social. In the book Chernoff tries to convey a sense of the African music from an exclusively African point of view. In that sense the writer had been extremely successful in conveying to the Western readers the varied unfamiliar concepts of the African music by using the terms that aptly facilitate understanding without giving up or losing anything pertaining to the distinct uniqueness and individuality of the African music. Chernoff delves on this both personal and universal dilemma by saying that â€Å"How can we bring something of a different order into our world of understanding and at the same time recognize and appreciate it on its own terms (3).† The writer not only tries to communicate to its readers what the West African music is, but also tries to elaborately and in and interesting way explain to them as to why it is so. Chernoff successfully relates the varied and multifarious inter actions and trends in the African music to the essential multiplicity and diversity of the social forces pervading the African cultural landscape. The beauty of Chernoff’s approach is that it explains the African music as it is, without trying to correlate or link it to the similar trends existing in the Western music.

Nursing informatics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing informatics - Research Paper Example It is used in the management of the records of the patients. The data pertaining to a given patient can be safely stored and retrieved with ease when required. The technology can also be used to diagnose a patient based on the records that have been obtained. Thus, technology is generally necessary for the diagnosis, treatment, and the management of patients in a health institution (Cleveland Clinic, 2011, para.1). The success of the application of modern information technology in a given health care institution is not obvious. The management of such institutions needs to define and develop an appropriate strategy for integrating the modern technology into their system. A good patient care will be achieved if the use of technology is supported by the processes of the institution and the cooperation among the workers in the institution (Cleveland Clinic, 2011, para.3). The nurses in the health care institutions need to be conversant with the applications of the automated systems in va rious tasks. There is need to develop a joint passion for the profession and the learning of new technology. Thesis statement The application of information technology in nursing practice will be successful in improving the quality of services to the patients if the processes of the health center are well organized and if there is good coordination between the health workers in the organization. 2. Informatics in nursing The practice of nursing involves handling very vital pieces of information relating to the patients’ health that are necessary for proper service delivery (Ball, 2000, p.7). The management of the patients in a given health care institutions is made easier of the records of the patients are available and in an organized manner. The health history of a given patient can be traced and this will help the clinician in making the appropriate diagnosis (Berner, 1999, p.5). There are also pieces of information relating to the nursing practice. These include the proce dures, guidelines, and policies that are applicable in the practice and in a given institution. The nurses would want to obtain these pieces of information from their seniors or communicate them to the other nurses within the institution. There would also be a need to communicate to the patients in certain instances. The way the information is stored, how it can be retrieved, and how it can be communicated to other people will determine its effectiveness. The confidentiality of information is of particular significance in the nursing practice. Besides, the patients should be involved in designing for their care. There is a need for an effective communication between the patient and the nurses. Thus, the information needs to be kept in a secured system that is protected from unauthorized users and from where it cannot be destroyed. There is need to have an organized system that allows for an easy retrieval of information from a large chunk of information. The communication medium nee ds to be fast and efficient and neither should it tamper with the contents of the information. The use of modern technology in these applications is necessary (Berner, 1999, p.139). By using these modern systems, it is easy to organize enormous data so that the retrieval of the required piece of information

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critical thinking - Essay Example Its workforce of over 17, 000 men and women voted Iceland Frozen Foods the third most successful company compared with all other companies in motivating them to do their best. Four years before the turnaround, morale was ‘at rock bottom after 40% of staff at the Deeside head office were made redundant’ (The Sunday Times, 2009). It is quite reasonable to assume in retrospect that top management at the time was incapable of motivating the workforce to achieve profitability and ensure the survival of the firm. It is quite likely that ‘scientific management’ or Taylorism as it is also called, may have been, the paradigm under which the top managers of Iceland Frozen Foods worked, in running the day to day affairs of the company. Or, they may not even have given much thought to motivating the workforce, but merely continued on traditional lines, hiring and firing believing that labour was a disposable item. Taylorism is explained as the ‘decoupling of the labour process from the skills of the workforce’, and has been defined as ‘management strategies that are based upon the separation of conception from execution’ Pruijt, 2000). The knowledge and skills of how best to run the enterprise are confined to the heads of the few top mangers. The rest of the workforce merely follows orders to the letter. They have no discretion as to how they do their day to day jobs. They have to follow strictly laid out procedures. This may work well in some industries, say on a car assembly line, but in enterprises with close customer contact, this approach is unlikely to be optimal. Nevertheless, Prujit also acknowledges that McDonalds and call centres (customer service operations) use such strategies and can claim success by ensuring ‘predictability and controllability’ (op. cit.). After Taylorism , Herzberg’s two-factor motivational theory became influential in alerting management to the value of tapping into the need for

Explanation essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Explanation - Essay Example These simplistic definitions of lying suggest that lying is a part of the communication process; lying is originated by the information sender; lying targets the information recipient, but there are no indications of the causes of lying (the reasons of lying). Researchers have long studied the characteristics of lying, but what is most important is to trace the reasons for lying; in essence to understand why people lie. This paper focuses on three propositions for the reasons for lying: lying as a product of an individual’s intention to withhold truthful information in order to deceive others, lying as an intention to prevent others from ‘injury’ or harm and lying as an unconscious practice where the individual who lies is not aware of lying. Lying often occurs in the communication process between individuals when one of the individuals has an interest in deceiving the other. It is very common that people will tell lies in order to produce false assumptions or false beliefs in their friends, families, peers or anyone with whom they communicate. According to Carson, this is the first and most important reason for lying, because individuals have in their nature the tendency to compete with each other, and thus lying can provide a relatively better position to one person against the other (48). Paul Faulkner, in his journal What Is Wrong with Lying, agrees with the view of Carson, and states that one of the most common reasons for lying is to make the others believe that what they are told is true while in fact it is false (536). Lying under the intention to deceive the listener can be viewed from different perspectives; lying to make the other person view a subject or an issue just like the person who is lying or lying in order to avoid the other person’s realization of the truth. For example, a child may lie to his or her parents in order to avoid

Ideological Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ideological - Essay Example Such has been the case with of this author with regards to the topic of prayer in school. As a function of seeking to explain and ideological biography for how this belief has grown and evolved through time, the following analysis will analyze the different stages and approaches that existed within my mind up until the present time. Before delving into the issue, it must be understood that the issue of prayer in school has been one that has been hotly contested and debated within the sphere of politics and current media during my adolescence and childhood. As a result of this fact, the perennial presence of this debate allowed me to be presented with the arguments for and against school prayer at a relatively young age. In keeping with the way in which the majority of society viewed the issue, I was led to believe that prayer in school, although representing a few key benefits, was ultimately against the separation of church and state and should not exist to any degree or level withi n the educational system. Rather than this being informed by a particularly atheist and/or anti-religious viewpoint, this was instead informed as a result of the impact that media and the political debate had upon my own views. However, as I began to mature, I began to note the failures within the educational system as compared to the prior years in which it has been so successful. For instance, my parents, as well as older generations work continually discussing the devolution of the United States educational system and seeking to understand what changes could potentially be made as a means of remedying this decline. As a function of the presence of this issue and the clear and unmistakable fact that the United States educational system was merely a shell of what it was during the time of my parents and/or grandparents, my views with respect to the role of prayer in school began to change. Rather than being diametrically opposed to such an idea, I began to integrate with a level of appreciation with respect to some of the benefits that it might provide. However, of all of the factors that influence this progression of ideology within my own life, perhaps the most important was a level of increased importance with regards to the role in which religion played within my own life. As was the case of many individuals growing up in a religious home, religion did not have a personal impact upon me until such a time that I began to experience religious growth and appreciation within my own life. Realizing the power and help that prayer exhibited within my own life allowed me to come to a greater level of appreciation and understanding with regards to the degree of help and power that prayer could provide within the group setting. Anyone with even a cursory level of understanding concerning the power that prayer can provide understands that group prayer is a particularly powerful means through which intercession can be provided. As such, failing to utilize such a powe rful tool within the educational system is merely ignoring a cost of free and highly successful method through which the educational system and personal development of the individual students can be maximized. All too often, within the current system, millions of dollars are poured into particular programs with little result. However, it is my firm belief, as a result

The Institute of Medicine Report Essay Example for Free

The Institute of Medicine Report Essay The impact of the Institute of Medicine report on nursing education suggests the nursing profession should have a more advanced education system providing limitless opportunities for growth. The future of nursing providing care to the entire realm of health care, especially primary care and community settings, will be determined by the evolution of a new educational system. The IOM report states that sixty percent of hospital employed nurses will be impacted by the Affordable Care Act because of the transition of patients to primary and community health care. (National Research Council, 2011) Tension in the current educational system has been steadily increasing due to the newly required nursing skills in many specialty areas. That being said, the new educational structure will have to be expanded immensely. The IOM report suggests increasing the number of baccalaureate nurses from fifty to eighty percent by the year 2020. (National Research Council, 2011, p. 12) The report also suggests doubling the current number of nurses with a doctorate degree. Reaching these goals along with overcoming many other educational obstacles will require many changes and modifications to the current system. Increasing the use of technology to educate nurses through on-line programs is one necessary effective strategy. This will create continuous opportunities for nurses from all ethnic groups with associate degrees to obtain their baccalaureate and master’s degrees. Leaders of organizations, hospitals, accreditors, philanthropist, employers, etc. should work cohesively to secure funding for these educational programs. Generating more diversity in nursing will help meet the demands of the projected increase of ethnic groups receiving health care due to the ACA. Intra-professional diversity has been suggested by the IOM report too. (National Research Council, 2011) It is recommended that nurses, physicians and other health care disciplines should be educated together as students and their professions. The IOM report suggests utilizing a nurse empowering trend by hospitals around the country. This trend consists of health care organizations encouraging their nurses with associate degrees to enter into baccalaureate nursing programs within a few years of graduation or hire. (National Research Council, 2011) Impact of the IOM Report on Primary Care Nursing Practice The impact of the IOM report on primary care nursing practice suggests a direct link to the conversion of the education system. With specialty care expecting to diminish, primary care is foreseen to generate large numbers of health care consumers in the near future. People across the country will have increased access to primary care. Therefore, it is speculated that primary care nursing practice will require more opportunities and faster transitions for the advancement of nurses to obtain BSN, master’s and doctorate degrees. Advanced practice registered nurses should have a huge role in the success of primary care. Since there are few APRNs practicing in primary care settings then there will be plenty of opportunity for this group to grow. If these ideas do not evolve as projected then nursing shortages for primary care providers could impede nursing care. The IOM report states that continuous updates to nursing practice and education should be created by collecting and analyzing data from each role and scope of practice. (National Research Council, 2011) The collected data will also be used for future predictions of health care professional requirements in each setting. My Practice Changes in Regard to the IOM’s Report My practice changes in regard to the IOM report in many ways. It is not rare that my unit admits children who are over or under dosed on their medication or are prescribed medicines that are ineffective or not recommended for their diagnosis. I could change my practice to meet the goals of the IOM report by providing families and patients information about their mental health diagnosis, signs and symptoms of an exacerbation of their disorder, contact information to our facility and collect their contact information for a discharge phone call. More so, I can provide them with contact information for trained and skilled mental health professionals in their area and have appointments scheduled within a week or two of discharge. I would ask if the information discussed in the discharge meeting is realistic for them and meets their expectations. Another way I can change my practice to meet the goals of the IOM report is by continuing to chair and co-chair evidence based practice projects pertaining to technology. Technology is mentioned in several case studies in the IOM report and I agree that we should continue to find methods to use it being fiscally responsible. Recommendations for the Nurse Leader Recommendations for the nurse leader according to the IOM report are for nurses and physicians to start working as complete equals while providing healthcare. Nursing must contribute more to leadership roles and continue their education in these roles to help provide increased quality care to patients. Nurses must become more fluent in policy reform by becoming more involved as members of committees, councils and legislation. There should be a greater emphasis and expanded education on nursing leadership in educational programs and employer based competencies. Employers should begin or continue incentives for professional development as the IOM report suggests more nurse leaders are required for reform. (National Research Council, 2011) References National Research Council. The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health.aspx

Oxidation States of Tin. Preparation of Tin (IV) Iodide

Oxidation States of Tin. Preparation of Tin (IV) Iodide The Oxidation States of Tin. Preparation of Tin (IV) iodide and Tin (II) iodide.   Introduction: Alfred Werner, a Swedish chemist, determined the octahedral coordination of Werner complexes and gave rise to the field of coordination chemistry. The complexes contained a central transition metal bonded surrounded by a number of negatively or positively charged molecules. The coordination of the structures where unknown until Werner discovered the coordination of Hexaaminecobalt (II) chloride, which is written in many ways, suggesting different coordination of the atoms. The purpose of the experiment conducted is to determine the coordination of three Werner complexes and characterize their structural formulas through a variety of techniques. The techniques utilized are analysis of free chlorides, measuring the conductance, magnetic susceptibility, and of hexaaminecobalt (II) chloride, pentaamine cobalt (II) chloride, and hexaaminemickel (II) chloride. By titrating the complexes with silver nitrate solution, a precipitate of silver chloride forms and precipitates out of the solution. The non-bonding chlorides in the complexes are reacting with silver forming a precipitate with a low solubility. By calculating the amount of silver nitrate that was used in the titration, we can determine the amount of silver chloride that precipitated out of solution, this results in the amount of free chloride in the solution. Comparing the ratios of silver chloride produced to Werner complex in the solution, free chloride ions can be determined. The conductance of complexes was also determined. The conductance of the complexes corresponds to the ions that are present within the solution. The electrical conductivity the complexes are measured once dissolved in water, the anions and cations dissolve in water. This allows for the determination of structure for metal complexes. The last technique used was the determination of unpaired electrons in the werner complexes. The Werner complexes were either diamagnetic or paramagnetic, as the contained paired or unpaired electrons which were calculated. Experimental/Observations: Part 1: Synthesis of Hexaaminecobalt III chloride (Co(NH3)6)Cl3 : In an Erlenmeyer flask, a solution containing 4.689g of cobalt III chloride (CoCl2Ά¡6H2O, a dark purple crystal), 3.005 g of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, opaque yellowish crystal) and 5ml of water was heated. The solution started out purple and over time, as it was heated, a color change was noted. Solution turned dark blue over time. Decolorizing charcoal was added, causing the solution to become much dark. 10ml of concentrated ammonia (NH3) was added to the solution causing it to become brownish/red in color. After the solution was to cooled, 10ml of a 6% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was added, the solution was heated for 20 minutes at 600C. The solution was then cooled again and vacuum filtered. The bright reddish/brown product was then transferred to a solution containing 2ml of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 40ml of water. The filtrate was then gravity filtered and another 5ml of concentrated HCl was added. The filtrate was cooled once again and vacuumed filtered. 2.8591g of the bright reddish/brown product was dried and was isolated at a yield of 36%.. Part 2: Synthesis of Pentaaminecobalt III chloride (Co(NH3)5)Cl3 : 7.5g of NH4Cl was dissolved in 15ml of 14M NH3. Finely ground CoCl2Ά¡6H2O was added the ammonia solution, in small portions, while it was agitated. The solution was initially   purple and transparent and adding the the cobalt crystals resulted in the formation of a brown slurry. 7.5 ml of 30% H2O2 was slowly added to the brown slurry, causing an effervescence reaction to occur, releasing a white gas and becoming much darker. Once the effervescence had subsided 45ml of HCl was added to the solution. The solution was heated to 850C and agitated for 20 minutes, then cooled down as a two layered solution was formed. A top blue layer and a bottom dull pink layer. The precipitate was then vacuum filtered and washed with 30 ml of ice cold water, 6M HCl, and 100% ethanol. 6.5729g of the purple product was dried and isolated with a yield of 80%. Part 3: Synthesis of hexaaminenickel III chloride (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 : 1.2g of hydrated NiCl2, a fine light green powder, was dissolved in 95% ethanol. 5ml of 14M NH3 was added to the nickel solution as it was brought to a boil. The addition of the ammonia lead to the formation of a faint purple precipitate that was vacuum filtered and wash with ethanol. 0.58g was isolated with a †¦ % yield. Analysis of Compounds: The products were analyzed to determine their magnetic susceptibility, conductance and the amount of free chloride in solution. The conductance measurements were obtained for all three products through the Sherwood scientific apparatus. 50 ml of 110-3 M aqueous solution of each of the products was prepared by dissolving 0.01570g of Ni(NH3)6Cl2, 0.01252 g of Co(NH3)6)Cl3 and 0.01337g of Co(NH3)5)Cl3 in a 50 ml volumetric flask. The conductance measure was then taken. A Johnson-Matthey magnetic susceptibility balance was used to determine the magnetic moment of each of the three products. The products were packed into a tube and the reading was taken. The analysis of free chlorides was carried out on both cobalt solutions. 0.05g of the cobalt products was dissolved in a 50ml Erlenmeyer flask and titrated with silver nitrate solution. Fluorescein was used as an indicator and the end point was determined to be a bright pink layer of the cobalt solution. Data: Table 1. Results for the synthesis of Co(NH3)6)Cl3, Co(NH3)5)Cl3 and Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 Actual yield Percent yield A Theoretical yield B (Co(NH3)6) Cl3 2.8591g 54.2% 5.272g (Co(NH3)5)Cl3 6.5729g 83.29% 7.891g (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 0.58g 49.23% 1.170g Sample calculation for percent and theoretical yeild of Co(NH3)6) Cl3 : Table 2. Results for the analysis of free chlorides for (Co(NH3)6)Cl3 and (Co(NH3)5)Cl3 Volume of AgNO3 Mass of compound Moles of free Cl- (Co(NH3)6)Cl3 0.532 ml 0.514ml 0.05g 3 (CO(NH3)5)Cl3 0.417ml 0.515ml 0.05g 2 Sample calculation for moles of free cholride for Co(NH3)6) Cl3 : Table 3. Results for Conductance Measurements for three compounds Molar conductance (ohm-1cm2mole-1) Number of ions C Lit. ValuesC (ohm-1cm2mole-1) Co(NH3)6Cl3 297.6 4 235 273 Co(NH3)5Cl3 100.8 2 118 135 Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 234.3 3 235 273   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C) Values obtained from appendix from corresponding molar conductance values. Table 4. Results for the magnetic susceptibility for the three compounds ÃŽ §g (emu mol-1) ÃŽ §Meas ÃŽ §Dia ÃŽ §Para  µeff S Unpaired electrons (Co(NH3)5) Cl3 -3.046*10-8 -3.25*10-6 -190.2 * 10-6 0.0001864 0.6625 0.235 0 (Co(NH3)6)Cl3 -2.603*10-8 -6.507*10-6 -177.2*10-6 0.0001706 0.6326 0.2236 0 (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 -1.015*10-7 -2.345*10-5 -166.7*10-6 0.0000713 0.020 0.010 0 Sample calculation for (Co(NH3)5) Cl3 : Chemical Equations: In the three-chemical reactions, the metals reacted with the amine forming the products. The chemical reactions are as follows: Part 1: 2CoCl2Ά¡6H2O(s) + 2NH4Cl+10NH3(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 3H2O(l) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   2Co(NH3)6Cl3 + 1/2O2(g) Part 2: 2CoCl2Ά¡6H2O(s) + 2NH4Cl+8NH3(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 3H2O(l) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   2Co(NH3)5Cl3 + 1/2O2(g) Part 3: NiCl2Ά¡6H2O(s) + 6NH3(aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Ni(NH3)6Cl2(s) + 6H2O(l) An oxidation reduction reaction was occurring as hydrogen peroxide was added to the cobalt solutions and used to reduce the cobalt to its 2+ state. The redox reaction is as follows: R: H2O2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   H3O+ + 1/2O2 + e  Ã‚     Ã‚   (1) O: Co3+ + e à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Co2+  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2) Discussion: To determine the structure of the three complexes, three different techniques where utilized. A magnetic subspecialty measurement, a conductance measurement, and an analysis of free chlorides in each of the three products. Visible color changes were observed in the formation of the brightly colored products indicating that a successful reaction had occurred. The change of color is due to the change in oxidation state. Hydrogen peroxide was used in the reduction of cobalt complexes producing two differently colored cobalt complexes. The in the oxidation reaction we see a change in oxidation state of Co from 3+ to 2+ as hydrogen peroxide is being oxidized. A change in oxidation state causes the solution to change color as the metal complexes contain electrons that absorb light energy and jump to an excited state in a different molecular orbital Analysis of free chloride. A solution containing 0.05g of Co(NH3)6Cl3 and Co(NH3)5Cl3 was titrated with a silver nitrate solution. The number of moles of free chloride ions was then calculated through their mole ratios. It was determined that Co(NH3)6Cl3 solution contained3 free chloride ions while (Co(NH3)5Cl3 solution contained 2 free chloride ions. The calculated ratios (Table 2) of free chloride ions indicates whether the Chlorine ions are bonded with the cobalt complex, as free chloride ions will precipitate out of the solution in the presence of silver nitrate. From this we can assume that 2 moles of chlorine are not bonded to in cobalt complex in Co(NH3)5) Cl3 while all 3 moles of chlorine are not bonded to the cobalt complex in Co(NH3)6)Cl3. We can conclude that chlorine helps stabilize the positive charge of cobalt complex in Co(NH3)6)Cl3 while a single chloride ions is bonded to the cobalt complex of Co(NH3)5Cl3. Fluorescing, the indicator used in the titration, was added t o the solution with 2ml of 2% dextrin solution. The dextrin solution prevents the coagulation of AgCl and the prevention of the AgCl aggregate on the surface of the solution. Molar conductance. A solution of all three products was prepared with a concentration of 10-3M. The molar conductance reading was then taken at 20.50C on a Sherwood scientific apparatus. The conductance values were obtained and compared to the literature values and the number ions of each solution can be determined. Co(NH3)6Cl6 had a conductance value of 297.6 ohm-1cm2mole-1. From the corresponding literature value, this conductance is due the presence of 4 ions in one mole solution. Similarly, Co(NH3)5Cl5 and Ni(NH3)6Cl2 had molar conductance value of 100.8 and 234.3 ohm-1cm2mole-1 which correspond to 2 and 3 ions per mole of solution respectively. From this we can determine the formula of each of the compounds. In hexaaminecobalt (III) chloride, 4 total ions are present which results in one from Co(NH3)62+ + 3Cl. In pentaaminecobalt (III) chloride, 2 ions are present, one from Co(NH3)52+ + Cl. In pentaaminenickel (II) chloride, 3 total ions are present, one from Ni(NH3)52+ + 2Cl. H owever, for data from the analysis of free chloride does not confer with the molar conductivity of the pentaaminecobalt (II) chloride complex. From the analysis of free chlorides, it was determined that one mole of the complex contained 2Cl while the molar conductance suggest 2moles of chloride ion. This discrepancy may be due to the product not being fully dried, and the moisture water may interact and distort the reading of conductance. Magnetic Susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility was carried out on a Johnson-Matthey apparatus that determines the magnetic moment of each complex. Through calculating Spin values it was determined that both Cobalt (Co3+) complexes, with a d6 electron configuration, does not have any unpaired electrons as the spin values were close to 0. From this, we can assume that the electrons are in a low spin state as Hunds rule of multiplicity suggest that electrons would be paired with altering spin states, and unpairing the electrons would require an increase in energy to overcome Δ0. The Nickel (Ni2+) complex contain two unpaired electrons. Its d8 electron configuration, with 2 unpaired electrons in a high spin state. The low spin state would not be observed as paring the two electrons was require extra energy. The three compounds, (Co(NH3)6) Cl3, (Co(NH3)5)Cl3, (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 were successfully produced and to give yields of 54.2%, 83.29%and 49.23% respectively for the three compounds. The yields of (Co(NH3)6) Cl3 and (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 is rather low but it to be expected as the sample may have been lost during the vacuum filtration process while being transferred. The coordination of the three complexes was determined to be Co(NH3)6Cl3, Co(NH3)5Cl)Cl2 and Ni(NH3)5Cl2. Conclusion: The purpose of the experiment was to characterize the structural formulas werener complexes through the synthesis of Co(NH3)6Cl3, Co(NH3)5)Cl3 and Ni(NH3)5Cl2 and the coordination of the compounds was determined to be Co(NH3)6Cl3, Co(NH3)5Cl)Cl2 and Ni(NH3)5Cl2 . The characterizations were conducted with three techniques that determined the moles of free chloride ions, conductance and magnetic moment of the three complexes. The analysis of free chloride ions determined that 3 and 2 chloride ions were present per mole of the two cobalt complexes. Indicating that Cl is bonded to Co(NH3)62+ complexes, while non-bonded to the Co(NH3)5, but function to stabilize the charge on the complex. The molar conductance of the complexes resulted in the presence of 4,2 and 3 total ions for the three Werner complexes. Lastly, the magnetic moment of three complexes was determined and the spin states where calculated. It was determined that both cobalt complexes (Co3+) contained 0 unpaired electrons, i n a d6 diamagnetic electron configuration, in a low spin state. The nickel complex was found to contain 2 unpaired electrons, in a d8 paramagnetic electron configuration, with 2 electrons in the high spin state. References: Simon Fraser University. Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry 236W laboratory manual: 2016. Vol. 1.81. Print. 9 -10 Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D. A. Inorganic chemistry; Prentice Hall: Boston, 2011.

An Overview of Surgery

An Overview of Surgery Surgery Overseas Surgery is an antique medical specialty, which uses operative labor-intensive and influential procedures on a patient to look into and treat a pathological state such as injuries or diseases. Surgery is an expertise consisting of a corporal intervention on muscle, and tissues. A surgery helps in improving bodily function and appearance and also to repair unnecessary ruptured areas for instance a perforated ear drum. A surgical procedure is an act of performing a surgery. Human beings and animals are subjects or patients on which a surgery is performed. A person who practices surgery is known as a surgeon. People described as surgeons are usually podiatrists, veterinarians, dentists (usually referred to as maxillofacial and oral surgeons) and physicians. A surgical team consists of a surgeon’s assistant or a surgical assistant, a circulating nurse, a surgeon, a surgical technologist and anesthesia provider. A surgery process spans minutes to hours. However, it’s naturall y not a continuing or cyclic treatment or type. A surgical process that can be programmed in advance because it doesn’t include a medical emergency is known as elective surgery. Some of the common elective surgeries or procedures include plastic surgery and cosmetic surgery. As a universal rule, a process is well thought to be surgical when it includes closure of a formerly sustained wound or cutting of patient’s tissues. . Nations such as Argentina and South Africa present the same high standards of surgery as hospitals back in the United States, although with important differences in price- charge savings can be enormous, the surrounding can be more comfortable and there’s also less arguing with the insurance company to cover up the costs of surgery. Procedures such as endoscopy or angioplasty may be deemed as an operation if they include common surgical settings or procedure. These procedures include anesthesia, use of sterile environment, typical surgical instruments, suturing or stapling and antiseptic conditions (Bhatia 21). There are many types of surgeries. Surgical processes are normally characterized by procedural types like invasiveness degree, unique instrumentation and urgency; Principle Based:The type of surgery that is exploratoryis usually performed for confirming or aiding diagnosis. Previously diagnosed condition is treated by a therapeutic surgical treatment. Through organ of body: The performance of s surgery on the organ of structural systems, this could be cashed out involving the system’s organ and the involvement of tissue of the organ. For instance; surgery through gastrointestinal (which is done within the region of digestive and the organs that are accessory), surgery of orthopedics (which is conducted on bones and muscles) and cardiac surgery (which is performed on the heart) Through invasiveness scale:modestly surgery that is invasive includes external little incisions that are to be included in the objects that are miniaturized inside the structure of the body and cavity, like laparoscopic or surgery angioplasty. By differentiating to that, a laparotomy or process that is open surgicalneeds a great incision for the area of interest to access (Bhatia 9). Through procedure type: amputationincludes cutting off body parts, usually a digit or limb; castration is also an instance.Resectionis the elimination of part of or all internal organs or body parts.Replantation includes reattaching the severed parts of the body.Reconstructive surgical treatmentinvolves restoration of a deformed, mutilated or injured or body area.A surgerywhich is Cosmetic always is initiated to advance a usual and otherwise structure. Deletion comprises of the cutting out or removal mainly of an organ, tissue or the other patient’s body parts. A surgery of Transplantation comprises of the body organs substitution with that of different inclusion from other dissimilar being i.e. of human (other living things also) within the patient. It also includes the removal of animals or human beings body organs to conduct a kind of surgery that utilizes organ transplantation (Sullivan 10). Through timing basis:The surgery named ‘elective’is done to repair the situations of a threatening i.e. non-life, and is conducted by the consent and patient’s appeal to the doctors matter of subject and facilities of surgical availability.Another surgery named ‘Emergency’ is a type of operation, which must be implemented without delay to, limb, lifesaving and capacity functionality. Apartially surgery i.e. electiveis the only type that must be conducted to evade death and disability that can be permanent. This type of surgery, for a little time, can be postponed. By using equipment and tools: The surgeryinvolving the use of lasersis known as Laser surgery. Laser can be used for the cutting of tissue as a scalpel substitute or instruments of surgery related to it. The surgery by the name of ‘Microscopic’ involves utilization of microscope i.e. functional for the basic partitioning. This functional microscope is used to see structures that are very tiny. The surgerynamely ‘Robotic’ utilizes a robot for surgery such as the surgical system ‘Zeus’ in which the devices are governed under the surgeon’s sway (Aston, Douglas and Jennifer 12). Modern surgery is always completed in an operating theater. It is done using an operating table, surgical instruments for patients and other equipments at the hospital. The theory of aseptic technique governs the procedures and environment used in surgeries. The aseptic technique includes the strict severance of sterile (which is free of microorganisms) instruments from contaminated or unsterile instruments (Klingensmith, 6). This means that there is average-quality proof that usage of many gloves layers compared to only a single gloving during a surgery process reduces blood stains and perforations on the skin, representing a decline in percutaneous spotlight incidents (Earle 45). The surgery process is always long. The process includes; an opening is made in order for accessing the spot surgically. The vessels of Blood are perhaps being clamped or cauterized for the prevention of bleeding. The usage of retractors helps to keep incision open and to expose site. Due to advancement in the spot surgically can include a number of abdominal surgery incisions and dissection layers (Norton 67). To skin traverse, incision is used within muscles three layers, peritoneum and from that the subcutaneous tissue. Considering sure instances, bones are further amputated always to contact further the bodies inside portion; for instance sternum cutting for surgery of to unlock up rib cage or cutting the cranium for brain surgery. While in surgery safety and health are used to prevent further distribution of the diseases and also prevent infection. Using a head hat, the surgeon is able to remove hair from the eyes and hair. In order to prevent germs from getting into operated bo dy, wrists, forearms and hands are always washed thoroughly. Gloves are always placed onto the hands. To stop any contamination, a PVC apron is always worn. On the situated region of the sick person’s body, a yellow substance- normally an antiseptic iodine result is coated lightly. This stops diseases and germs infecting regions of the body performed on (Jarrell 23). . The surgery work may well involve: Excision – cutting out a tumor, organ, or other tissue. Ligation– tying off blood tubes, vessels, or ducts. Resection– fractional elimination of any organ or other physical structure. Realignment reduction – It is the body’s components movement or the realignment for bringing it back to its original shape. For instance, broken nose diminution includes the manipulation of body cartilage and from their shape displacement of the bone restoring to inventive position of it to normally repair airflow and aesthetics; Tissues, organs reconnection etc. predominantly detached if. Organs and tissues reconnection like reconnection of intestine inclusively. Stapling internally and may be suturing applied. Correlation surgically between various vessels of blood or tubular or void components for example, an intestine loop is referred to asanastomosis. Prostheticinsertion sections required when. Screws and pins used for holding and bones may be used to set. Bone parts may well be reinstated involving the various body parts or shaft prosthetic. The insertion of plate sometimes used for the replacement of the spoiled skull part. Hipnon-natural substitution universally has become common. Heart or valves pace makersperhaps may be included. Different other types of prostheses are most of the times considered. Grafts–Tissue scratch pieces may perhaps be detached involving the different or the same flaps or still tissue of body partially attached risen to a body but for restructuring or rearranging of the site of query of the body. Even though in surgery of cosmetics grafting is used time and again. It well may be gotten from single site sick persons of the body to place it within the body of another. The example issurgery of bypass. It is the surgery where a vessel of blood that is closed and implant bypasses tubes from other body parts. On the other hand, grafts may well be from other animals, persons or cadavers. Stoma construction, opening of a permanent or a half body stable opening The surgery of transfer, the organ contributor (fetched out from the body of the giver) is transferred into the body of the receiver and reassigned to the receiver in all essential ways (ducts, vessels of blood). Arthrodesis– it is a bones adjoining surgical relationship so that the bones can be able to grow collectively into lone.Fusion Spinalis an example of vertebrae adjoiningjoined which allows joining with a single part to grow. Digestive regionmodificationinsurgerybariatric forweight reduction of ahernia refurbishment,prolapsed or fistula Various other treatments include: clearance of blood, ducts clogged or different vessels subtraction of (stones) calculi removal of fluids accumulated damaged, diseased or tissue (dead) by debridement- removal Sex change operations Sometimes surgery is conducted to conjoined twins split Blood or expanders of blood are linked administratively to blood reimburse loss all through the process of surgery. When the action course is completestaples or suturesare used to cease openings. Once the cut is clogged, the agents of anesthetic are reversed and closed, and the patients are discharged for extubation and aeration (if it was administered anesthesia commonly). In the United States, the enlightenment era that starts from the (1680 circa to 1800) is the age of life of the Westerns wars. In this era, the thinkers and writers reject precedent superstitions. Apart from that the writers and thinkers chose to put emphasis on the scientific, cultural life and the intellectual that rolls in the 18th century center. For this the main reason of the legitimacy and authority is the main source of ad vocation. The enlightenment philosophers have envisioned a scientific sense. As the U.S constitution reflects itself the encouragement and desire for the innovation of science and scientific creations. Thus, the U.S has the power and support of Congress that helps develop full art of science by safely securing for limited to inventors and writers the rights exclusive related to their discoveries and writings. This has influencedAmerica to have the most advanced technology on medicine (biology). The expenses of Healthcare in the United States have climbed up gradually. Majority of Americans have preferred to travel overseas for elective processes or have at least considered going overseas as a possibility. In relation to the Times New York book, regarding the citizen of U.S who journeyed Belgian to undergo a hip replacement due to the lack of U.S insurers to cover this claim, this has influenced hundreds of America’s citizens to consider the same path. Earle (1983) tells that, â€Å"In 2007, Shopenn’s Michael surgery cost amount of U.S dollars closes to $100,000. Actually the cost came around to be $ 13,700 including all the fares, fees, medicine and hospital cost. This hospital was in Belgium, Tourhout.’’ Governments abroad regulate fees of medicine, despite the fact that majority of hospital and offices of doctors are managed privately. Some few days past living days, Americans are most agreeable more than willing to travel abroad since they ap preciate the quality found there, whereas several years ago they did not have that opinion. This is supported by the medical tourist association, which is the industry in the United States that facilitates and supports such travel (Hardin and Roberta 34). The increasing amount of American medical tourists and the United States citizens tend to be individuals who don’t have insurance or people whose insurance doesn’t adequately cover the process they need. Their target time and again depends on their literary ties. For instance, Spanish speaking patients and citizens might support Latin America. Ten years ago, many Americans who travelled overseas for less prices concern went to nations like Thailand, Mexico and over the boundary to India. A number of patients are now to Europe travelling, where better care at great hospitals often costs a portion of what is paid in the United States. This is made easy by the private facilitators. The private facilitators help in making arrangements, pairing doctors with patients and hospitals and organizing travel plans (Schumpelick 21). In the most recent years, hospitals and their respective governments in Europe have joined the field and are currently promoting their services. This idea is applied so as to make it simpler for citizens and patients from abroad- whether from Russia, Africa, North America or Middle East to view Europe as a solution due to its reasonable prices and high quality. Thompson 2012 says that â€Å"The East Coast people head from the coast of east to Europe, whereas the coast of west people travels to Asia like Thailand and Korea. There numbers are growing and they go there for the treatment as the U.S healthcare costs are exorbitant. The main factor to drive this is common background and quality.† A consortium of health care providers and hospitals in Europe is considering setting up a plan to magnetize and care for foreign patients. Surgery costs are about one fifth as much in Europe as in the United States. The doctors and the patients agree on a price and must sign an agreement be fore surgery according to the law. Hospitals and clinics in Europe offer an evident advantage for Americans (Thompson 21). Several programs are in line to minimize the cost of surgeries in the United States. This should be considered by the victims who are willing to travel to Europe for surgery process. With a massive increase in demand for mutual replacements as baby boomers period, holding down costs is significant to hospitals as well as patients. But before the readers start booking tickets to overseas, they ought to know that numerous programs are in line to lower the price of joint substitution surgery in the United States. With a huge boost in demand for joint substitution as baby boomers age, holding along costs is vital to hospitals as well as patients. A study by Norton, in the article of basic science and clinical evidence that was published in 2008 found that the programs were two-pronged success: a number of patients if not all choose hospitals that meet their prices. More significant, many hospitals decide to reduce their prices so that patients would be more than likely to choose them. Th e program in the United States includes services like BidMedi that allows lower cost medical care online for patients shopping, whether same or in different country. Surgery is a technology comprising of a physical involvement on muscles and tissues. As a common rule, a procedure is well thought-out as surgical when it involves closing of a formerly continued wound or cutting of patient’s tissues. Whether the surgery that one requires is an urgent medical process such as a gastric bypass or a hip replacement; cosmetic surgery like rhino-plastic or breast implants, there is always a definite advantage and benefit to looking towards surgery overseas. Surgery abroad is made easy by the private facilitators. Works Cited Aston, Sherrell J, Douglas S. Steinbrech, and Jennifer L. Walden.Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2009. Print. Bhatia, Shivani.The Surgery Book: For Kids. Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2010. Print. Earle, A S.Surgery in America: From the Colonial Era to the 20th Century. New York u.a: Praeger, 1983. Print. Hardin, Sonya R, and Roberta Kaplow.Cardiac Surgery Essentials for Critical Care Nursing. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2010. Print. Jarrell, Bruce E.Nms Surgery Casebook. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2003. Print. Norton, Jeffrey A.Surgery: Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. New York, NY: Springer, 2008. Print. Klingensmith, Mary E.The Washington Manual of Surgery. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2007. Print. Schumpelick, Volker.Atlas of General Surgery. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2009. Print. Sullivan, Deborah A.Cosmetic Surgery: The Cutting Edge of Commercial Medicine in America. New Brunswick [u.a.: Rutgers University Press, 2001. Print. Thompson, Lana.Plastic Surgery. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood, 2001. Print.

The Impact of Opium Use in Nineteenth-Century England :: European Europe History

The Impact of Opium Use in Nineteenth-Century England Introduction Evidence from contemporary newspapers and other sources suggest that by the mid nineteenth-century England was beginning to realize the depth of its opium problem. Opium had been introduced by the Arabs around the sixteenth-century, England began to seriously trade it around the late seventeenth- century. English citizens, by this time, through its exploits, were using the drug for medical reasons. However, most of these new cures all used opium in some form. No matter in which, form it was used, opium had only one effect. It gave a feeling of euphoria. From the opium pill to the plaster or its alkaloids it was a highly addictive drug, a new drug free from government constrains and open to public sale. In the early years opium was merely another piece of cargo to be traded. Â   The Beginnings of The Problem Opium had first arrived in London as a new medicinal trade product. It was new, compact, easily transported, and non-perishable. Trade with China proved very profitable and flourished for more than twenty years uninterrupted, until in 1835 China passed its first laws prohibiting the importation of opium (1). In the years following this prohibition, England responded simply by shifting the drop off points to other ports in China. China resisted these efforts, by England, to continue trade and began attacking their ships. These acts were seen as aggressive in the eyes of the English and the first opium war resulted. The war ended with the treaty of Nanking, which ceded China to Britain. The second opium war between 1856 and 1858 ended with the treaty of Tientsin (2). These two wars were prime examples of commercial imperialism, not only through the opening of treaty ports but through British control of Chinese customs which the 1842 treaty established, and continuing opium trade withou t restraint (3). All these acts on the part of British and the Chinese prove that there was real awareness of the depth of the opium problem. Â   Medicinal Uses During the years between and after both opium wars, England was developing more uses for opium. There were opium plasters, pills, cough drops, lozenges, troches, and scores of other the applications. Opium could be bought alongside food and spirits. Usually the opium was originally bought for some kind of ailment, and consequently the addiction would begin. One physician noted that he prescribed an opium plaster to a young girl, and discovered that three weeks later she was still using it (4).

Gender Opression :: essays research papers

Through the mass media, our patriarchal capitalist system has created the illusion that Women’s Liberation has progressed when gender equality policies were introduced, such as â€Å"equal salaries† and the right to vote. It has convinced the common North American woman to believe that she is not socially restrained, that her accomplishments can be unlimited, that she is in total charge and control of her life. However, conventional norms veiled deeply and expressed indirectly in the mass media continue to dictate and subdue lives according to gender. Seemingly innocent short TV ads, still remarkably traditional in depicting gender roles, condone and reinforce gender oppression. This paper will focus on the underlying imagery of several advertisements, which help perpetuate gender oppression and reinforce the patriarchial system. The first advertisement was extracted from the popular magazine Cosmopolitan, targeted to a predominantly young female adult audience. The ad illustrates a young couple in which the man is kissing the hand of his soon-to-be wife, with an engagement ring on her finger. The picture itself places both the male and the female in their corresponding gender roles in mainstream society: buying his bride an expensive ring, the man fulfills his role as ‘Good Provider’ and the woman not only willingly accepts this symbol of belonging to the man, but is extremely satisfied and blissful. This ring, of course, does not fall short of its symbolic expectations. The act of offering her a ring, the man may be seen as manifesting deep love; but he is also making an investment, expressing it in the form of commitment. In a sense, this is also a form of tenure and possession; he is expecting her to completely give herself to him. The subtext to the slogan â€Å"Platinum. For a lifetime of love† also suggests a lifetime of ensured financial security and protection for the woman. It reduces the expression of love to a brand of jewelry, selling it not just as a product, but as a standardized lifestyle. How can a woman become truly emancipated if she is economically dependent of man throughout her life, typically from father to husband? In the ad, the man has also fallen victim to the expectations of his gender role in society. Under pressure to fit the masculine profile, he must financially provide for his partner and shower her with pricey gifts, not to mention choose a proper trophy wife: feminine, attractive, submissive and delighted at everything he does.

The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Twenty-One

â€Å"What's taking so long?† Bonnie asked, bouncing on the bal s of her feet. â€Å"Stop being so hyper,† Meredith said absently, craning her neck to see over the crowd outside McAl ister. There was some kind of bottleneck by the entrance to the dorm that was slowing everyone down. She shivered in her thin top; it was starting to get cold at night. â€Å"Security's at the door,† Bonnie said as they got closer to the entrance. â€Å"Are they carding people to get in?† Her voice was shril with outrage. â€Å"They're just checking that you have a student ID,† someone in the crowd told her, â€Å"to make sure you're not a crazed kil er from off campus.† â€Å"Yeah,† his friend said. â€Å"Only on-campus kil ers al owed.† A couple of people laughed nervously. Bonnie fel silent, biting her lip, and Meredith shivered again, this time for reasons that had nothing to do with the cold. When they final y got to the front of the line, the security guards glanced quickly at their IDs and waved them through. Inside, it was crowded and music was pumping, but no one real y seemed to be in a partying mood. People stood in smal groups, talking in undertones and glancing around nervously. The presence of the security guards had reminded everyone of the danger lurking unseen on campus. Anyone could be responsible, even someone in the room at that very moment. As she thought about that, Meredith's view of the room shifted, the other students around her changing from innocent to sinister. That curly-headed frat boy in the corner – was he eyeing his pretty companion with something more than simple lust? The faces of strangers twisted viciously, and Meredith took a deep breath, calming herself until everyone looked normal again. Samantha was coming toward her, a red plastic cup in her hand. â€Å"Here,† she said, handing Meredith a soda. â€Å"Everyone's on edge tonight, it's creepy. We'd better stay alert and not drink,† she said, already on the same wavelength as Meredith. Bonnie squeezed Meredith's arm in fareWelland took off into the crowd to look for Zander. Meredith sipped her drink and warily eyed the strangers surrounding her. Despite the general malaise hanging over the party, some people were so wrapped up in each other that they were managing to have a good time anyway. She watched a couple kiss, as ful y focused on each other as if there was no one else in the world who mattered. They weren't worrying about the attacks and disappearances on campus, and Meredith found herself feeling a sharp pang of envy. She missed Alaric, missed him with a bone-deep longing that stayed with her, even when she wasn't consciously thinking about him. â€Å"The kil er could be right here at this party,† Samantha said unhappily. â€Å"Shouldn't we be able to sense something? How can we protect anyone if we don't know who we're up against?† â€Å"I know,† said Meredith. The crowd parted, and she saw a face she hadn't expected: Stefan, leaning against the far wal . His eyes lit up when he saw her, and he glanced past her with a hopeful half smile already forming on his lips. Poor guy. No matter what Meredith thought about Elena's decision to take a break – and, for the record, Meredith thought that Elena was doing the right thing; her entanglement with both Salvatore brothers meant that they had al been heading for trouble – she couldn't help pitying him. Stefan had the look of someone who was experiencing the same sharp pang of loneliness and desire as Meredith did when she thought of Alaric. It must be worse for him, because Elena was so close and because she chose to separate herself from him against his wishes. â€Å"Excuse me for a second,† she said to Samantha, and went to Stefan. He greeted her politely and asked about her classes and her hunter training, although she could tel that he was burning to talk about Elena. He had such good manners, always. â€Å"She's not here yet, but she's definitely coming,† she told him, interrupting one of his pleasantries. â€Å"She had something to do first.† His face bloomed into a smile of grateful relief, and then he frowned. â€Å"Elena's coming here alone?† he asked. â€Å"After al the attacks?† â€Å"No,† Meredith reassured him. She hadn't thought of this, and she didn't think she should tel him Elena was with Damon. â€Å"She's with other people,† she settled for saying and was glad that her answer seemed to satisfy him. Meredith sipped her drink and hoped grimly that Elena had the sense not to bring Damon to the party. Matt spotted Chloe from across the room. Tonight was the night, he decided. Enough playing around, enough exchanging glances and gentle, platonic hugs and hand squeezes. He wanted to know if she felt the same way he did, if she felt like maybe there was something between them worth exploring. She was talking to someone, a guy he recognized from Vitale, and her curly brown hair shone softly in the light from overhead. There was so much life in Chloe: the way she laughed, the way she listened to what the guy was saying, attentive and involved, her face focused. Matt wanted to kiss her, more than anything. So he started working his way across the room toward her, nodding at people he knew as he passed them. He didn't want to look too uncool and eager, not like he was making a beeline for her, but he didn't want to stop and lose her in the crowd, either. Matt. Matt jerked as if he'd been stung as the silent greeting hit him. Twisting around to see where it was coming from, he found Stefan standing right behind him and frowned irritably at him. He hated when Stefan got into his head like that. â€Å"You could have just said hi,† he told Stefan, as mildly as he could. â€Å"You know, out loud.† Stefan ducked his head apologetical y, his cheeks flushing. â€Å"I'm sorry,† he said. â€Å"That was rude of me, but I just wanted to get your attention. It's so loud in here.† He gestured around, and Matt wondered, as he sometimes had before, how the life of a modern teenager seemed to the vampire. Stefan had experienced more than Matt probably ever would, but the loud rock music and the press of bodies al around him seemed to make him uncomfortable, showing the cracks in his disguise as someone young. He tried hard, for Elena's sake, Matt knew. â€Å"I'm waiting for Elena,† Stefan said. â€Å"Have you seen her?† The lines of his face were anxious, and, just like that, Matt's picture of Stefan as someone too old, too out of place here, snapped. Stefan looked achingly young, lonely and worried. â€Å"Yeah,† Matt said. â€Å"I just saw her at the library. She said she was coming here later.† He bit his tongue to keep from adding that he'd seen her there with Damon, of al people. Matt wasn't quite sure what was going on between Elena and the brothers, but he figured Stefan didn't need to know that Elena and Damon were together. â€Å"I'm supposed to be staying away from her,† Stefan confided sadly. â€Å"She feels like she's coming between Damon and me, and she wants some time for us al to work things out before the two of us can be together again.† He glanced up at Matt, almost beseechingly. â€Å"But I thought since there are so many people here, it isn't like we'd be alone.† Matt took a swal ow of his beer, his mind working furiously. Now he knew he'd been right not to mention that Damon and Elena had been together. What game was Elena playing now? It was a shock, too, to realize how far out of the loop he'd gotten. When did al this happen? Since Christopher's death, he'd been avoiding his friends, spending so much time focused on the Vitale Society that he missed this big development in their lives. What else was he missing? Stefan was stil looking at him as if he was seeking some kind of approval, and Matt rubbed the back of his neck thoughtful y, then offered, â€Å"You should talk to her. Let her know how unhappy you are without her. Love is worth taking the chance.† As Stefan nodded, considering, Matt's eyes sought out Chloe in the crowd again. The guy she'd been talking to was gone, and she was alone for the moment, biting her lip as she looked around the room. Matt was about to excuse himself and head toward her when another voice spoke in his ear. â€Å"Hi, Matt, how's it going?† Ethan came up beside him, his golden brown eyes focused on Matt's. Matt felt himself straightening up and pul ing back his shoulders, trying to look loyal and honorable, a promising candidate, everything the Vitale wanted him to be. Matt saw this reaction to Ethan in the other pledges as Well: whatever Ethan wanted them to be or do, they wanted, too. Some people were just natural leaders, he guessed. They chatted for a minute, not about the Vitale Society, of course, not in front of Stefan, but simple friendly stuff about footbal and classes and the music that was playing, and then Ethan turned the warmth of his smile on Stefan. â€Å"Oh, uh, Ethan Crane, Stefan Salvatore,† Matt introduced them, adding, â€Å"Stefan and I went to high school together.† Stefan and Ethan started making conversation, and Matt looked for Chloe again. She wasn't in the last place he had seen her, and he started to panic, until he found her again in the crowd, moving to the music. â€Å"I can't help noticing just a slight accent, Stefan,† Ethan was saying. â€Å"Are you from Italy original y?† Stefan smiled shyly. â€Å"Most people don't hear it anymore,† he said. â€Å"My brother and I, we left Italy a long time ago.† â€Å"Oh, does your brother go here, too?† Ethan asked, and Matt decided the two of them seemed happy enough together and that it was okay for him to leave now. â€Å"I'l catch up with you guys later,† he said. Taking another swal ow of beer, Matt strode through the crowd, straight toward Chloe. Her eyes were shining, her dimples were showing, and he knew the time was right. Like he had told Stefan, love was worth taking the chance.

Todays World

The Income Break The income inequality is just the difference in the salaries of the different class of people and/or jobs. In The Rise of the Creative Class, Richard Florida takes a look at wages all across the U. S in order to compare and contrast wages. He does a breakdown of the 3 classes that he talks about earlier in the book and from there compare the wages. In one chart that is displayed he shows that Connecticut has the highest income but then he has another graph that shows otherwise. I don’t believe this could be halted because people of different jobs feel as if they deserve different levels of pay, which I do agree to.In recent research I found that many people fall outside of the Creative Class because of their education levels or because of the performance they are willing to do at a job. So the people who are at a disadvantage are the working poor because they are mainly in a field where they have to do labor. Because our society is at a state of changing each and every day, I believe it is rather hard to stay in this field of creativity, unless you are willing to change careers or add on to your challenges in the work field.Economists are researching the things that are changing in our world and the biggest thing is technology. Because technology is changing at a constant rate, it makes it hard for someone who is not able to be in the Creative Class. New things are evolving everyday and some jobs are not going to be needed in the future. Men and women could work the same job, but the man may get a better pay because of his gender. This brings me to the Five Faces of Oppression where they talk about the division in gender and how men get treated better than women.Women are dominant in the work field for minorities today. But compared to men who are working the pay is still very low. In previous chapters of The Rise of the Creative Class Florida shows a graph that show the pay of a woman compared to one of a man. Also the graph showed pay of minority compared to the majority. The differences amazed me only because I thought as a society we were getting equal and fair, but the graph and other research showed otherwise.

Cyber Terrorism and Information Warfare

As the use of computer technology becomes wide, people have tended to use them both for beneficial and destructive purposes. As the use of computer technology becomes more, they continue to be used for more complex and inter-reliant threats to humanity. The use of computer technology for destructive purposes takes place in the form of cyber crime, cyber terrorism and information warfare. The focus of this paper is on cyber crime and information warfare. The two have a number of similarities as well as differences.They are both applications of computer and information technology that are in use in the society in the information era. Information has been relied upon in different sectors in different countries and around the world. This has made information a very powerful tool for the economy of many countries. Information has also become a target for criminal activities like terrorism and a target to wage war (Lewis, 2002). This paper discusses the similarities and differences between cyber terrorism and information warfare. The paper begins with the description of the two concepts. Cyber terrorismCyber terrorism is the use of computing resources to engage in terrorist activities. It can also be defined as the calculated use of computers or computing networks aimed at harming, or to further social, economical, political or ideological, or such goals. People have tended to use the secrecy afforded by cyberspace to wage terrorism activities towards communities or an entire country. This has tended to cause threat and panic to people without physical presence of the attacker. The terrorists using cyberspace target computers and information to cause harm and damage to the targeted group or nation.There have been claims by some factions of scholars that cyber terrorism does not exist and that what is referred to by the use of this term is information warfare. They feel that it is not possible to use computer technology to wage serious harm or damage in a population d ue to the availability of protective technology. However, it is a fact is that cyber terrorism is a concept that is applicable in the current world of technology (Brenner, 2006). Information warfare Information warfare on the other hand is defined as the use of computer technology to wage war.It can also be defined as the use and management of information and technology in order to gain a competitive advantage over one’s adversaries. Information can be manipulated in various ways to ensure that one country gains an edge over its opponents. Information has become a very crucial tool for use in different aspects of human life. Information has come to be used as a powerful weapon in times of clashes or conflicts. This warfare is closely associated with psychological warfare. The attacking country targets the information sector of the country that it is up against (Lewis, 2002).Similarities Both cyber terrorism and cyber warfare make use of information technology and/ or networks to carry out their objectives. Regardless of their difference in objectives, information is a critical tool for both cyber terrorism and information warfare. Information warfare can be carried out in different ways: jamming or hijacking of TV and radio transmissions; disabling logistic networks; disabling or spoofing communication networks of the enemies; and sabotaging stock exchange dealings (Lewis, 2002). These are all means of use of information in warfare.Cyber terrorism can also take various forms like attacks against networks of the target group or country; threats against a community or country that are made electronically; hacking into systems; defacing networks; and denying service to the target group. It is clear that both are destructive applications of computer and information technology. The users of both cyber terrorism and information warfare use and go after the information sector of the target group or country with the aim of causing havoc (Brenner, 2006).Both cyb er terrorism and information warfare are destructive, but have not been developed to the level of destruction like the other weapons, such as the bomb. The kind of damage caused by cyber terrorism and information warfare is not large-scale, although the technologies are still being developed. It would not be possible to carry out such a destructive act like the one that happened in the United States, commonly known as the September 11 attacks (Che, Deng, Chao & Huang, 2009).Despite the fact that there are some remote examples of cyber terrorism and information warfare in the world today, they are not as pronounced as those that use the conventional weapons like bombs. All the examples and instances that are provided on the use of information for warfare and terrorism cannot compare with the use of methods like bombing, air planes and other convectional methods. However, the possible destruction that is likely to happen due to the development in technology cannot be ignored. The two concepts, cyber terrorism and information warfare are based on computer and information technology.It is a known fact that technology is developing at a very speedy rate. As a result, the technology applied in both cyber terrorism and information is not the same way it was when the two concepts were developed. It is also a fact that they are likely to be more complicated and destructive. While most countries there are development of cyber warfare capabilities, there are individual factions and groups that are developing cyber terrorism capabilities (Che, Deng, Chao and Huang, 2009). Both cyber terrorism and information warfare are destructive processes that can cause terror and damage in a place or country where they are applied.Despite the fact that cyber terrorism is not likely to cause the kind of destruction like what took place during the September 11 attacks, they are likely to cause a security scare to the public. For example, it is possible for hackers to wage terrorism atta cks by hacking into hospital systems (Brenner, 2006). Another way that this can be carried out is by launching sequenced, coordinated attacks shutting down Automatic Teller Machine systems and other financial systems in selected towns or cities.When this is carried out in a large-scale, it can be realized that this is not a random act, but an organized terrorist attack. This can lead to panic about the security and economic damage to a country. Same case with information warfare; despite the fact that unlike cyber terrorism information warfare is not aimed at harming civilians and properties, it leads to both direct and indirect effects to countries they are aimed at and their citizens. Just like cyber terrorism, information warfare causes panic on the public as well as other economic effects on the country (Collin, 1996).For example, where transmissions are hijacked to pass on hate information or other destructive information, it is possible for people to be very scared for their s ecurity. Attacking economic sectors using information technology during war or as a weapon endangers the economic status of a country. In fact, paralyzing the information sector of a country leads to massive economic costs to that country. This means that these two applications of computer and information technology are very destructive and costly to the affected country (Lewis, 2002).Both cyber terrorism and information warfare are complex problems that need to be addressed very first in national security policies. They are becoming more sophisticated and require sophisticated means to counter. They are both attacks that can paralyze the infrastructure of a country completely. The use of information for terrorism and warfare is based on the premise that information has become a very crucial resource in development and has been relied upon by countries and organizations in their daily operations (Collin, 1996).The attackers have come to realize that the best part to hit and raise ha voc is the information technology sector. The information technology sector has become the most vulnerable point that can be hit to feel the greatest effect. Studies have found out that susceptibility of information networks and the critical infrastructure have put national security in dire risk. This can be supported by the fast growth in technology and its spreading to the economic sector of many countries. This is usually the target of cyber terrorism and information warfare.The users of these two applications of computer technology targets where a country will feel the most effect when hit. This is no better than the information sector of their target (Brenner, 2006). It is easy to spot real-world terrorism just as it is to spot real-world warfare. When dealing with real-world acts, terrorism or warfare is easier to identify, thus making it easier to counter. Where a real-life attack is carried out it is possible to know that the government is either dealing with terrorism or wa rfare. Simply put, it is easy to identify terrorism or warfare in the real-world.This is not the case with cyber terrorism or cyber warfare. Where these takes place, it is not possible to immediately identify what one is dealing with. There are no people who are physically available to carry out the acts. When a real-world terrorist attack is carried out, there will be a suicide bomber who hijacks a plane or bombs a building. In real-world warfare, there are military personnel with characteristic attire and characteristic badge. This way, it will be possible to tell that it was a terrorist attack or war against a particular group or country.This is not the case with cyber terrorism and information warfare (Lewis, 2002). The activities are carried in secrecy and most of the times unless someone claims to be involved, it might be difficult to identify the perpetrators. In case of information warfare, it might be hard to identify the country involved in the attacks. It is then possible that a country could be a target of cyber terrorism or information warfare and not even be aware of it. The two applications are complex and cannot be easily identified and dealt with (Che, Deng, Chao & Huang, 2009). DifferencesThe primary focus of information warfare is not to inflict injuries or death to civilians and property. Information warfare is not aimed at demoralizing or intimidating civilians. Cyber terrorism is aimed at the achievement of a particular objective. This is done mostly through intimidation and any other means as long as the message is communicated. Injuring people, causing death, and damaging property is one of the ways used to communicate the message. They achieve their objectives by destroying as much life and property as possible. Cyber terrorists do not mind the lives that will be lost or the damage that will be caused in the process.For instant, the terrorist attacks in Romania. This happened at an Antarctic research center where terrorists accessed th e computer resources that controlled life support systems. In the process, the lives of 58 scientists were put in danger (Kalathil & Boas, 2003). However, the perpetrators were stopped before a serious harm was caused. Terrorism generally is a destructive act that is carried out for selfish purposes, while information warfare is an act that is aimed at protecting a country from destruction by its enemies (Lewis, 2002).Information warfare is legal and mostly designed by the ministry of defense as a weapon of defense to a nation in time of war. As already mentioned, it is the use of technology to gain competitive advantage over the opponents. This means that it is not an illegal means of attack, like cyber terrorism. Most of the time, information warfare is carried out by the conventional military force. There are for example some nations that have trained or are training people who are referred to as hacker warriors. These hacker warriors are used in time of war to wage attacks again st enemy nation-states.Cyber terrorism on the other hand is dangerous and unlawful attacks towards a target group to further some selfish objectives. Cyber terrorism is carried out by people who are part of a faction that is united by an obligation to a particular political philosophy. The distinguishing factor from cyber terrorism is that war is a struggle between countries or nations states (Che, Deng, Chao & Huang, 2009). Information warfare is meant to be a collateral event. This means that the information attacks are aimed at protecting one’s country and its citizen.During war, the aim of the fighters is to protect one’s country and its people from adversaries. This means that the objective of information warfare is very different from that of cyber terrorism. In most cases, cyber terrorism is not a collateral event. It is used for selfish objectives of the attacking groups. It is also important to note that most of the times cyber terrorism is not initiated by la wful combatants. This means that the perpetrators do not operate legally as is the case during war (Brenner, 2006).Cyber terrorism is aimed at causing damage and harm to a target group for a particular objective of the attacking groups. Some of the objectives of cyber terrorism include ideological, political, religious, and in some cases economical. Unlike in cyber terrorism, war is restricted to attacks between groups (armies) who act on behalf of their countries in the war. The use of technology in this case is aimed at the army or armies of the enemy nations. In warfare, the use of information is rational and justifiable, unlike the use of terrorism attacks where the acts are irrational and cannot be justified (Lewis, 2002).Cyber terrorism is basically one-sided. This means that in most cases cyber terrorism cannot be reciprocated. In most cases, its anonymity characteristic makes it hard to find out the perpetrator(s). Cyber terrorism is aimed at a specific population to further the objectives of the attacker. On the other hand, information warfare is aimed at attacking adversaries. This means that unlike cyber terrorism, it is aimed at triumphing against one’s enemies. It is used against opponents during war and is just limited to that purpose (Che, Deng, Chao & Huang, 2009).Conclusion This aim of this paper was to make a comparison and contraction of the two concepts that apply information computer technology, cyber terrorism and information warfare. The two concepts differ in definition because while cyber terrorism is the use of computing resources to engage in terrorist activities, information warfare is defined as the use of computer technology to wage war. These concepts have a lot in common, from being based on computer technology, to the kind of effects they are likely to cause to a country and its people.They are both destructive effects of information and computer technology. They are however different from their motive, to the kinds of p eople who carry out the attacks. While cyber terrorism is an unlawful act aimed at causing intimidation in achievement of different objectives, information warfare is a lawful activity carried out by military personnel aimed at coming out victorious over opponents. These two activities have led to a security scare around the world due to the effects that they lead to. They are concepts that are supposed to be address in national security policies as a matter of urgency.Despite the fact that they have not become so open in the society today, with a few remote cases being reported, with the development in technology and over reliance on technology in different sectors, it is possible that they will increase. There is need to develop more sophisticated technologies to counter this. References: Brenner, S. (2006). C3: Cyber crime, cyber terrorism and cyber warfare. Retrieved on May 11, 2010 from http://cyb3rcrim3. blogspot. com/2006/06/c3-cybercrime-cyberterrorism and. html Che, H. , De ng, D. , Chao, H. & Huang, Y. (2009).â€Å"Next Generation of Terrorism: Ubiquitous Cyber Terrorism with the Accumulation of all Intangible Fears,† Journal of Universal Computer Science, vol. 15, no. 12. Collin, B. (1996). The future of cyber terrorism. Paper presented at the 11th Annual International Symposium on Criminal Justice Issues, University of Illinois at Chicago. Kalathil, S. & Boas, T. (2003). Open networks, closed regimes. Washington DC: Brookings. Lewis, J. (2002). Assessing the Risks of Cyber Terrorism, Cyber War and Other Cyber Threats, Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.