Genome Editing Essay - 1614 Words

Genome editing of germ line cells using CRISPR/Cas9 system Recent studies suggest that genome editing of germ line cells is an effective strategy for mutated gene correction in sperms and oocytes for the inhibition of onset of inherited disorder. The first time, germ line genome editing in human by CRISPR/Cas9 system , was carried out to correct mutation of HBB (Beta globin) gene in zygote of ÃŽ ²-thalassemia patients by homologous DNA recombination (HDR) [80, 81]. Embryonic genome editing utilized in the treatment of such monogenic diseases prior to birth is a rational use of embryonic genome editing in germ line cells. Homologous DNA recombination by traditional gene editing techniques in mammalian eggs has a low rate (10%) in term of†¦show more content†¦Because PGD usually is carried out by gametes prepared from parents. But parents who is confirmed by PGD to have a high risk of transmition of inherited genetic mutation to their children and want to have their own children, their gametes can be edited directly by Crisper/ca s9 to create healthy children.Nowdays germ line genome editing by programmable nuclease such as Crisper/cas9 is the most useful tool to treat genetic diseases with high risk of inheritance mutation transmition. Unresolved ethical problems still exist and are the main reason for delay onset of clinical trials in this field. Large animal models can be utilized for a variety of monogenic diseases, particularly monogenic neurological disorders like HD and Duchene muscular dystrophy) DMD (. Specificity, efficacy, and side effects of germ line genome editing technology should be assessed by animal models before entering clinical trials. Generating mammalian models of neurodegenerative diseases using CRISPR/Cas9 Cas9 has been well studied. It belongs to the class II CRISPR/Cas system which is the main protein involved in small interfering CRISPR RNA (crRNA). CRISPR RNA often leads to the silencing of invader viruses and plasmids [72, 85]. Several in vitro surveys have shown that Cas9 is guided by gRNA composed of chimeric RNA. Chimeric RNA is composed of crRNA and tracrRNA. They are sufficient toShow MoreRelatedGenome Editing Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Genome editing is a huge leap forward in science and medicine. Because of recent advances in technology, the study of genes and induced ‘point’ mutations have led to the discovery and advancement of methods previously used in order to mutate genes. The development of Clusters of Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR associated system 9 protein (Cas9) technology is a hugely significant leap forward as this is a tool that could potentially be used for theRead MoreEssay On Genome Editing943 Words   |  4 PagesThere still needs much to be done such as researching the appropriate risks and benefits for the clinical trials (Sciences Engineering medicine (20--). It is rapidly growing and increasing by making heritable genome editing of the embryo, egg, and sperm in the hopeful future (Sciences Engineering medicine (20--) It is very likely to be many years before CRISPR-cas9 is used in human beings. The main attention is drawn towards animal mod els or isolated human cells (CRIPSR 20--). The purpose of thisRead MoreThe Human Genome Is Not Just A Black And White Decision Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesOpposing Views Essay Genetically modifying the human genome is a topic that has been discussed for several decades, but just recently it is becoming a reality. Through many advancements of technology, the CRISPR method has emerged, and it is providing the opportunity for genetically modifying the human genome to take off. However, allowing the use of the CRISPR method is not just a black and white decision. Modifying the human genome is a hot debate in the science and medical fields todays. ArgumentsRead MoreSynthesis Essay On Genetic Technology718 Words   |  3 PagesGenetic Technologies Essay CRISPR Cas9 technology should be used to modify human and embryonic DNA. I support this claim because if we have the technology of CRISPR Cas9 and all of the advantages it entails to help people who want to have healthy children and to stop the inheritance of deadly genetic diseases, we should. CRISPR Cas9 has many advantages, but it has generated a lot of excitement in the scientific community because it is faster, cheaper, more accurate, and more efficient than otherRead MoreRecent Developments Of Gene Editing Technology And Their Potential Applications For Plants And Agriculture1338 Words   |  6 Pagesof money and resources. In this essay I will be discussing the recent developments in gene editing technology and their potential applications to plants and agriculture. The Basic Concept DNA codes for protein sequences. Proteins are crucial in all cellular activities and govern the phenotypes of organisms (Campbell et al., 2014). New techniques have been developed in which mutations can be induced in specific loci within DNA, this process is known as Gene editing. DNA is removed, replaced or editedRead MoreGenetic Engineering Technology1689 Words   |  7 PagesModern genetic engineering technologies are advancing, and genetically modifying a genome is becoming a reality. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated system (CAS9) genome editing system is the most advanced in use. CRISPR can edit a genome more accurately and with higher precision than any other system. The intended use of the CRISPR/CAS9 system is to insert a gene, delete a gene, or silence a gene, leading to powerful applications (ChristensenRead MoreApplication Of Crispr Cas System1003 Words   |  5 Pageseliminating this problem (Roberts, 2015, URL :http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-34506572). This essay will prove that CRISPR is highly effective and economic in reducing PERVs by further discussing the theory behind and the application of CRISPR Cas system in porcine cells. CRISPR Cas system is a crucial adaptive immune system in prokaryotic to protect them against virus and other foreign genome by degrading the genome (Jiang et al., 2015). CRISPR locus is essential in CRISPR Cas system which is a gene includingRead MoreRecent Developments In Gene Editing, Concerning The Modification1447 Words   |  6 PagesRecent developments in gene editing, concerning the modification of embryonic cells and its’ usefulness since the discovery of iPS cells Abstract This essay addresses the question â€Å"In light of the recent developments with iPS cells, is the genetic modification of human embryos justified?†. New gene editing software CRISPR has created cheaper and more accurate modification, making the editing of an embryo a possibility. There are concerns about this advancementRead MoreHIV : Useful Treatments For Infecting HIV807 Words   |  4 Pagesgetting people treatment according to UNAIDS1. However, a cure has not been found. With a rapidly changing virus, it will be hard to definitively create a cure anytime soon. However, there are a few new ways of treating the virus already infecting genomes of many people. These treatments will work with the current methods being used and will not be an alternative to them. The main treatments that will be discussed are the current Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), and the new CRISPR/CAS9Read MoreThe Future Of Genetic Modification Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagescreating an e ffective, purposeful bridge. No one likes a rickety bridge that sways precariously in the wind or, perhaps worse, a grand bridge to nowhere. The kind of engineering needed for our policy bridges of the future is genetic in nature. Gene editing used to be a relatively painful and laborious process until the development of CRISPR. In short (and seriously abridging the complex science), CRISPR stands for â€Å"Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats† and are segments of genetic

The Rise Of The Islamic State In Iraq And Syria - 958 Words

The rise of the so-called â€Å"Islamic State† (IS) in Iraq and Syria has brought the Middle East to the focus of the international concern, especially powers such as America and Russia. This terrorist force has emerged from religious minorities to a considerable organized group of terrorists, carried out brutal attacks at both standing governments and civilians. A number of Muslim youth from different regions have volunteered to join the group, generating numerous security challenges not only to Muslim countries but also various other nations. This essay is aimed at giving an account of the rise of IS, creating a foundation for discussing how the foreign policy of governments should respond. To do this, the emergence of the IS will be briefed†¦show more content†¦The coalition began bombing IS in mid-2014 and carried out more than 14,090 air strikes in Iraq and Syria till July 2016, roughly 77 percent of which was implemented by America. In Syria, America started a three-year program in 2015 to train and equip almost five thousand â€Å"appropriately vetted elements of the Syrian opposition† to attack IS. As a result, the efforts of the U.S in the war against IS have gained significant results in spite of various short-comings. America has succeeded in creating a coalition of 18 countries against IS and generally gained the international support in the war against terrorism. President Obama emphasized that â€Å"the strength of the coalition make it clear to the world that this is not Americas fight alone. Besides, IS was weakened operationally and tactically. Its flow of money has been cut off. Abu Sayyaf, a senior ISIS leader, was killed. IS has lost 40 percent of its occupied territory in Iraq. A number of key cities such as Tikrit and Kobani in Iraq gained freedom. On the other side, it is debatable that the war against IS has been costly but it has not solved the problems properly. According to the Pentagon, the cost of the airst rikes against IS is estimated at $7.6 million per day, over a billion dollars in total. Notably, the situation in Iraq and Syri has remained uncertain. TheShow MoreRelatedIs The Threat Of International Security?1141 Words   |  5 Pagesvillages and cities. ISIS sees itself as the Islamic Caliphate and controls lots of land in western Iraq and eastern Syria. They also pledge allegiance from different radical Islamic groups around the world. ISIS started from U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. Saddam Hussein fighters were left without a job, and they were furious. Al Qaeda chose to capitalize on their anger and established al Qaeda in Iraq, to wage an insurgency against U.S. troops in Iraq (Saddam was secular, but his intelligence andRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe Islamic State, otherwise called the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), takes after an unmistakable assortment of Islam whose convictions about the way to the Day of Judgment matter to its system, and can help the West know its adversary and foresee its conduct. Its ascent to power is less like the triumph of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (a gathering whose pioneers the Islamic State considers faithless people) than like the acknowledgment of a tragic substitute reality. The White HouseRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham1471 Words   |  6 PagesJoshua Bacon Ed Rowe American Security Overview 26 January 2016 The Islamic State, also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), follows a distinct variety of Islam whose beliefs about the path to the Day of Judgment define its strategy, and can help the West know its enemy and predict its behavior. Its rise to power is less like the triumph of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (a group whose leaders the Islamic State considers apostates) than like the realization of a dystopian alternateRead MoreHow Great Was the Impact of the Rise of Religious Fundamentalism in the Middle East on Regional Security from 1970 to 2000?1011 Words   |  5 PagesThe rise of religious fundamentalism in the Middle East mostly had a negative impact on regional security from 1970 to 2000. There were many reasons for the rise and it was mainly due to the Islamic fundamentalism as they were described as a turning point. Regional security refers to the security concerns and well being of the regional states in the Middle East. Religious fundamentalism was initially caused by the desire to recreate the golden age of the religion and improving the present, yetRead MoreIt Is Extremely Difficult To Define What Terrorism Is,1204 Words   |  5 Pagesthey attacked in fear. In the years after September 11th 2001 the United States waged a war on Iraq that was described as Operation Iraqi Freedom which was meant to rid Iraq of all weapons of mass destruction and help it rebuild its army. This war ended up not helping Iraq in the ways that the United States had hoped, instead, the United States’ involvement in Iraq and now Syria has caused a growing distrust in the United States by its own citizens as well as citizens of other countries. OperationRead MoreIsis Existence Of The Middle East1378 Words   |  6 PagesSalafi group that follows an extreme interpretation of Islam and promotes religious violence. ISIS has been on a running climb to power and control in the Middle East. The rise of Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the Islamist militant group that has took over huge parts of land stretching from northern Syria to central Iraq, and it has struck fear into the hearts of leaders around the world. The main reason ISIS is so terrifying and trending the world right now is because that the group ISISRead MoreThe Rise Of The Islamic State1707 Words   |  7 PagesISIS Essay: The Rise of ISIS The rise of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) or also sometimes known as the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) is an extremist Islamic militant group that has based themselves from around North Syria to the Central part of Iraq. ISIS is has been run by Abu Bakr al Baghdadi since May 2010 and has terrified people from all around the world with their extreme use of violence to get what they want. The group originally began in 2004 with the name Al QaedaRead MoreThe Islamic State Is No More A Collection Of Psychopaths1716 Words   |  7 PagesISIS stands for Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. The Obama administration prefers the term ISIL which means the Islamic State in Levant. The term Levant literally means the rising; in reference to the land where the sun rises. However, many western news have decided to switch and call the group by the name Islamic State. ISIS finds its roots after the invasion in 2003 of Iraq by the United States. â€Å"ISIS is a Sunni jihadist group born in 2004 in Iraq. Known at the time as a cell of al-Qaeda - Al QaedaRead MoreAmericas Futile Fight Against Terrorism and ISIS866 Words   |  4 Pagescountries. It’s difficult for Western powers to understand that it is the cutting down of that one leader that gives rise to the others. In the wake of 9/11, the American approach to the war on Terror has poured oil on what was once a small fire of fundamentalist fervour. This is not to say that fundamentalism did not have a public and influential role in the politics of many Middle Eastern states, but instead that the spectacle of 9/11 and the reaction provoked served to give a platform to fundamentalistRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria1746 Words   |  7 Pages The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is the newer and more intimidating version of the famous terrorist group Al Qaeda. The group makes an appearance in the news almost every day. Over the past couple of years, they have multiplied in numbers. Not limited only to the Middle East, there are people all over the world who have proclaimed allegiance to ISIS. The Islamic extremist group has set out to destroy anything or anyone that comes in their way or do not agree with what they stand for. In

Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre and Three Branches

Question: Discuss about the Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre and Three Branches. Answer: Introduction Brisbane outdoor Power Centre has evolved from run of the mill, one single retail store to the thriving business consisting of three stores. The stores have become huge hit among customers and customers prefer to buy from these stores even they know they are paying little extra for it. It is because Brisbane outdoor power center is known for its knowledgeable staff and deep consultancy it provides to its customers. It has excellent after sales and products of high quality, which makes it very popular among consumers. However, all the stores are operated independently in managing their inventory and purchasing. This results in inefficiencies in the system and there is huge scope of involvement. Founder member, Mr. Saxon has quite non-interference approach as long as the all the stores are running in profits. With the change in Management, i.e. Ms. Green overtaking all the Brisbane power center business, she has a different approach. She was quick to spot the downside of the existing s ystem. Current purchasing and inventory management processes The case study presents that Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre was established as a one center company that expanded in three retail outlets. The first store of the company was making profits and therefore, the company acquired two more stores. However, there are certain loopholes in the purchasing and inventory management system of the company (Turkyilmaz, 2015). The process of purchasing and inventory management is not horrible. However, there is definitely a scope of improvement. The current purchasing management processes are not matured as all the retail outlets have their own processes. It is possible that all the retail outlets are reaching out to common set of suppliers, but in an independent manner and as a result the company is not able to get the best deal from suppliers (Rogers, 2013). The current purchasing management processes of the company could be improved to have a common system. It would reduce the overall negotiation effort of the company and consequently the purchasing system would be systematic in the company. There also exist various gaps in the existing inventory management system of the company. The company has decentralized inventory management system, wherein all the stores take their own decision about the inventory management. The safety stock also differs across different stores and this reduces the overall efficiency of the organization. The decentralized method of inventory management system is a old and traditional method. The three inventory managers of three different stores have their own calculations about the stock in hand and the order to be placed. This is not a good inventory management practiced as it leads to completely different, independent and exclusive inventory management systems of three stores. Comparative advantages and disadvantages of the currently used processes? There are various advantages and disadvantages of the currently used processes of purchasing management system and inventory management system. It is important that Ms. Green should be able to take the benefits of all the advantages and overcome all the disadvantages in the system. The specific advantages and disadvantages in the current system can be discussed as: Advantages of current process Managing one store by the local management will result in quick decision-making and also the time to procure will be less (Konur, 2016). Customer grievances can be handled in more effective way by each store if they are handling independently. Customer returns, replacement will take little time and each customer will get a personnel attention of the measurement which is very good for any business. The independent control can create a sense of ownership among all the employees and this could be difficult to achieve in a centralized system. Disadvantages of current process There are many disadvantages of the current purchasing and inventory management systems. Few of them are as follows: It simply adds to the cost of inventory management and purchasing management as all the stores have to manage this locally at their end. It reduces the chances of any negotiation or bulk discounts. Due to the independent inventory management and purchasing processes of the stores, the stores can never actually cut a deal from the suppliers. Different retail stores can have different goals and focus on different values. It is possible that one store is focusing on having diversified products while other is focusing on providing high quality material to customers. Different values will lead to different experience in different stores (Ellram Weber, 2013). It is possible that every store is lacking the inventory management expert and inventory is maintained based on intuitions without any real basis. Also, if all the retail stores are having the inventory experts, then the Brisbane Outdoor Power is paying salary to same type of skilled guy 3 times. Same inventory expert can manage the inventory for all the 3 stores. Supply-chain and inventory management concepts to be used ? There is a scope of lot of improvement. The company can use the principles of Total Quality Management, Lean Management, Six-Sigma and Just in Time inventory management to have an effective system in place (Sinha Garg, 2016). Some of the inventory management concepts that the company should use can be discussed as: Focus on Optimal safety stock through JIT (Just in Time) The objective of the company should be to have optimal safety stock in all the three centers. It can be done if the company can have a centralized system with the use of Just in Time inventory management concept (Awudu Zhang, 2012). With the JIT concept, the company would be able to minimize the inventory handling cost. Quality Management and Six Sigma There are many techniques that address TQM in organization. One such technique is Six Sigma. Six Sigma is all about process improvement and defect reduction by measurement based techniques and tools (Yazdani, 2016). There are two methodologies in Six Sigma i.e. DMAIC and DMADV. DMAIC stand for define, measure, analyze, improve and control. This focusses on enhancing the current set of processes. The DMADV stands for define measure, analyze, design and verify. It is focused on making quality new processes of Six Sigma level. It identifies and removes all the defects, bringing the count to 3.4defects per million opportunities. Total Quality Management With the focus on Total Quality Management, this plan must consider quality as the basic component of the whole ecosystem. Another principle is continual improvement (Sinha, 2016). This revolves around meeting all the expectations of stakeholders by becoming more competitive and effective through analytics and strategic steps. But before making a judgment call, an organization needs to have data regarding the performance. For this, TQM needs to collect relevant data, analyze it and help the decision makers to make predictions and forecast the future trends. Another principal is to maintain communication across all the hierarchies of organization (Babatunde, 2015). Communication is essential to boost employees morale and motivate them to bring out the best to achieve high quality results. Lean Management Techniques It is important that the reorder points should be defined based on a consolidated data of all the stores. According to this strategy, inventory will be replenished as soon as the level just reaches the safety stock level (Rossin, 2012). Therefore, this approach will allow storing the safety inventory but not allowing the accumulation of excess inventory in the system. Recommendations for Ms. Green to restructure the purchasing and inventory functions There are many things that can be done by Ms Green to restructure the purchasing inventory functions of the company. All the retail stores should be standardized so that they store the products from similar brands operate on same goal aligned with the organization goals. The goal is that customer experience should be uniform across all the stores. Another approach is that company can store the material at one of the location, which is having enough space and then replenished the stores based on the requirement from that central location (Sridharan, 2013). This central location could be any new warehouse also but it will incur the cost and the more analysis is required for cost savings and expenses from sing the warehouse. Even if one of the stores can be made to store the material, it could result in increased costs for logistics.Finally, the most essential principle is focusing on the horizontal process. As all the small processes makes large processes and brings the required output, so each employee should be aware of organizations mission and vision. An organization can also incorporate ISO standards to calibrate the settings. All these principles result in exceeding what the customers and employees have expected. It is also recommended that the company and Ms. Green should focus on the theories and principles of Total Quality Management. The process of enhancement includes all the department and employees along with the backward and forward integration. It uses customer satisfaction to achieve long term success (Stadtler, 2015). The improvement of not just process and products is involved but also the culture of organization is aimed to be improved. Quality management system is considered as the successor of TQM. Conclusion The above report discuses the case of Brisbane Power Center. As a conclusion, it can be said that Ms. Green has taken a right step to identify the current drawbacks and loopholes in the existing systems. The report highlights that the company has three stores but all the three stores have their own inventory management system. It is recommended that the company should move towards a centralized inventory management system. At the same time, Ms. Green has to ensure that the individual rapport with the customers should not be compromised. The long term objective of the company should be to have effective supply chain management in place that could have a balance between efficiency and responsiveness. The principles of TQM would ensure that the quality is not compromised at the expense of cost. References Awudu, I., Zhang, J. (2012). Uncertainties and sustainability concepts in biofuel supply chain management: A review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,16(2), 1359-1368. Babatunde, Y., Sui Pheng, L. (2015). TQM implementation through ISO 9001: findings from Chinese construction firms in Nigeria.The TQM Journal,27(6), 671-682. Ellram, L. M., La Londe, B. J., Weber, M. M. (2013). Retail logistics.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Konur, D., Geunes, J. (2016). Supplier wholesale pricing for a retail chain: Implications of centralized vs. decentralized retailing and procurement under quantity competition.Omega. Leuschner, R., Rogers, D. S., Charvet, F. F. (2013). A Metaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Analysis of Supply Chain Integration and Firm Performance.Journal of Supply Chain Management,49(2), 34-57. Rossin, D. (2012). Push-Pull Boundary Location, Information Quality, and Supply Chain Performance: An Exploratory Analysis.Journal of Global Business Issues,6(1), 7. Sinha, N., Garg, A. K., Dhall, N. (2016). Effect of TQM principles on performance of Indian SMEs: the case of automotive supply chain.The TQM Journal,28(3), 338-359. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Sridharan, R., Simatupang, T. M. (2013). Power and trust in supply chain collaboration.International Journal of Value Chain Management,7(1), 76-96. Turkyilmaz, A., Bulak, M. E., Zaim, S. (2015). Assessment of TQM Practices as a Part of Supply Chain Management in Healthcare Institutions. International Journal of Supply Chain Management,4(4). Yazdani, B., Attafar, A., Shahin, A., Kheradmandnia, M. (2016). The impact of TQM practices on organizational learning case study: Automobile part manufacturing and suppliers of Iran.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,33(5), 574-596.

Social Welfare free essay sample

Welfare Historical Periods For The Early History of Social Welfare Policy in America you see a lot of early forms of governmental aid. The Elizabethan Poor Laws provided aid for those who were basically unemployed for example if a farmer’s crop does not produce that year, relatives would pitch in to aid that farmer so they could survive. As it progressed into the later years government was becoming more organized. Jobs were produced through industries in the city. In the Early Relief in the United States you saw forms of medical care, people who could not afford to take care of themselves or family members were placed under the care of someone who could afford to take care of them at a low cost. In the Rural to Urban Migration people would migrate from poor communities to cities hoping to find jobs there, to make a better life for themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Welfare or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You see this today in migration from other countries to America people come here to start a new life because of the better job opportunities. In the Progressive Era you would see people higher in society sacrificing things to help out the poor. You would also see people seeking to hold some sort of governmental office giving things to the poor to gain votes. You see this all the time today when politicians run for office, they always promise or do something to gain votes. In this period you see a lot of early forms of American government, even though they are basic they progressed into something much greater. In The Great Depression and FDR’s New Deal you see how America’s social welfare changed for forever. The stock market crashed and sent America directly into a depression, with this unemployment went through the roof. FDR’s New Deal called for relief, recovery, and reform. Things such as food assistance, and temporary work programs came into effect which you still see today. There is unemployment pay and food stamps today that allow those who do not have a job or simply can’t afford to pay for life’s essentials. Franklin D Roosevelt deal was also called for social insurance for those who were retired, which you still see this today with Social Security it is basically the exact same thing. In the More Expansion of Social Welfare the COLAs played a very significant social welfare change at this time. COLAs or cost-of-living-adjustments were designed to keep programs such as Social Security, SSI, and food stamp benefits in line with inflation. This allowed for people who were on these programs to still be able to afford the basic needs of life even though the price was going up. You do still kind of see this today, but programs like Social Security are struggling to survive. In the Regan and Bush Years the Privatizing of Public Services was a major change in social welfare. This allowed for programs such as child services to run by private’s organizations which allowed for them to be more cost efficient. This also impacted it in a negative way although it was more cost efficient they were unable to gauge how well these companies were working. Also by making these through private organizations many jobs were lost. The Presidential Years of Bill Clinton the Budget Enforcement Act played a major role in social welfare. This act allowed for the lessening of Americas debt. With this, certain things had to be cut such as money being spent in the DOD. You see this today in our economy since we are in a recession, the only way to reduce debt is to reduce spending and increase taxes. The budget this year for the DOD has been reduced and in major defense departments. Also like the BEA certain programs have been cut or reduced to cut spending. The George W. Bush Presidency had one major event that impacted our social welfare. September 11, 2001 changed a lot of not only in every Americas lives but also majorly in our defense departments. On September 14, 2001 congress authorized Bush to use any force necessary to retaliate against these terrorist attacks. Also Department Homeland Security (DHS) was increased after these attacks, things such as airport security became and other DHS agencies became just as important as the war in Iraq. With this more jobs were created but more money was spent. Our debt increased majorly but it was necessary to our survival. We are still fighting the war in the Middle East so our debt hasn’t stopped increasing. Jobs are being lost, so unemployment is still up, spending on healthcare for wounded soldiers is up, and our debt is through the roof all because of one day. Barack Obama’s Presidency: Year One is American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Had the biggest impact on social welfare. It aided recovery programs, they were to help with those who were unemployed. Although unemployment nearly doubled the money they barrowed helped stabilize America’s economy. Although temporarily stabilized, unemployment was still up and the economy was still in debt.

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Essays - Gram-negative Bacteria,

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa Research Paper Julie Johnson Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a versatile gram negative bacterium that grows in soil, marshes, and coastal marine habitats, as well as on plant and animal tissues. People with cystic fibrosis, burn victims, individuals with cancer, and persons infected with HIV are particularly at risk of disease resulting from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Unlike many environmental bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a remarkable capacity to cause disease in susceptible hosts. It has the ability to adapt to and thrive in many ecological niches, from water and soil to plant and animal tissues. The bacterium is capable of utilizing a wide range of organic compounds as food sources, thus giving it an exceptional ability to colonize ecological niches where nutrients are limited. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can produce a number of toxic proteins, which not only cause extensive tissue damage, but also interfere with the human immune systems defense mechanisms. These proteins range from potent toxins that enter and kill host cells at or near the site of colonization to degradative enzymes that permanently disrupt the cell membranes and connective tissues in various organs. In people with cystic fibrosis the most serious complication is respiratory tract infection by the ubiquitous bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CF is one of the most common fatal genetic disorders in the United States, affecting about 30,000 individuals. A comparable number of people in Europe also have CF. It is most prevalent in the Caucasian population, occurring in one of every 3,300 live births. The gene involved in cystic fibrosis was identified in 1989. Located on human chromosome 7, it codes for a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This protein, normally produced in a number of tissues throughout the body, regulates the movement of salt and water in and out of these cells. The abnormality in the CFTR gene alters the CFTR protein in people with cystic fibrosis. As a result, one hallmark of CF is the presence of a thick mucus secretion which clogs the bronchial tubes in the lungs and plugs the exit passages from pancreas and intestine s, leading to loss of function of these organs. Progressive lung disease is the predominant cause of illness and death in people with CF. Mucus blocks the airway passages and results in a predisposition toward chronic bacterial infections. Although the genetic defect underlying CF has been characterized, exactly how and why individuals become infected with Pseudomonas is unknown. The lungs of most children with CF become colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa before their 10th birthday. Chronic infection with these bacteria reduces an individuals quality of life, causing acute symptoms of cough, sputum production, and inflammation, which causes repeated exacerbations or episodes of intense breathing problems. Eventually leading to scarring and destruction of lung tissue and, ultimately, death. While it is clear that antibiotic therapy directed against these organisms lengthens the life span of individuals with CF, increasing antibiotic resistance develops. Although antibiotics can decrease the frequency and duration of these attacks, the bacterium establishes a permanent residence and can never be completely eliminated from the lungs. Management of cystic fibrosis lung disease requires a multipronged approach. Outpatient management of pulmonary exacerbation usually includes a combination of 2 IV antipseudomonal antibiotics (an aminoglycoside plus a beta-lactam), appropriate antimicrobial treatment, effective airway clearance, optimization of nutritional status, and anti-inflammatory therapies. Additionally, prevention of respiratory viral disease and avoidance of exposure to irritants, such as smoke, is recommended. Usual duration of therapy is 14 to 21 days, and clinical response is assessed by physical exam, pulmonary function tests, nutritional status, and exercise tolerance. Microbial eradication is not a therapeudic end point. Choice of antibiotics should be based on culture and sensitivity of the sputum. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant species, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has required close monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility patterns and strict infection-control policies. Administration of chronic intermittent inhaled antipseudomonal therapy (tobramycin solution for inhalation), over a 6 month period was shown to improve FEV by 11.9%, decrease the bacterial density, and reduce hospitalization in CF patients chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Following 92 weeks of therapy with inhaled tobramycin, the mean % change in FEV was 4.7% above baseline. There was no increase in the utilization of antipseudomonal therapy despite an increase in MIC at

Abolishing Death Penalty essays

Abolishing Death Penalty essays The death penalty in the United States should never be abolished. Each year there are about 250 people added to death row and, roughly, only 35 executed. The amount of terminations needs to increase dramatically. Many civilizations practiced barbaric punishments that place the prisoner in excruciating pain. However, capital punishment has become more humane by leaps and bounds in these past years and has been abrogated by several countries, though it has caused crime to rise in most cases. Regardless of anti-death advocates, I am firmly against its abating for a plethora of reasons. Nationwide, prisons cost an exorbitant amount of money to maintain and operate. Supplement that cost with new arrivals, medical costs, and repeat offenders. Youre looking at an estimated 1.5 billion dollars annually. The majority of these funds are withdrawn through taxes from everyday middle-class citizens like you and I. Only a miniscule fraction of these inmates are executed yearly. Due to the aforementioned fact, more prisons are being built around the country to accommodate the constant influx of convicts. Long and short term studies have proven that the vast majority of these criminals are released to only repeat their offense, soon after, and be returned to the facility that they just exited. A large percentage of prisoners cannot cope with the outside world after their release due to their incarceration period. On many occasions this has caused them to become extremely violent and, often times, commit a crime worse than the one they were imprisoned for. In every walk of life, in every part of the world, in every culture and civilization crimes against humanity are detested and combated in one way or another. Though, what most everyday people are unaware of is how luxurious our nations prison facilities are. If the steel bars, identical uniforms, and tranquilizer guns were taken away, they could be mistaken for ...

Prominent causes for the ending of the cold war Assignment

Prominent causes for the ending of the cold war - Assignment Example The research paper investigates leading significant causes that led the end of the Cold War.The primary international relations theories, liberalism and realism, possess contrasting views about the major causes for the ending of the Cold War, ranging from the US’ dominant military power to the Gorbachev’s liberal policies. In reality, the economic stagnation of the Soviet economic in the late 1970s and early 1980s mainly caused the early end of the Cold War In the early 1980s, during the period of Reagan administration, the bitter rivalry reached to such a height that majority of political experts and international relations theorists claimed the possibility of nuclear war between the two superpowers in the nearest future. On contrary, with the unification of Germany in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Cold War between the global powers ended even before the end of the 20th century. Such a decisive and unusually peaceful end of the Cold War was a surprising outcome from the perspective of modern political science and international relations theories, triggering numerous studies, researches, and theories that speculated various factors and causes that might have led the end of the Cold War Leaderships of Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev, democratic and liberal ideologies, and economic factors have all been given as reasons for the ending of the Cold War. In reality, the economic stagnation of the Soviet economic in the late 1970s and early 1980s mainly caused the early end of the Cold War.

Couch Surfing the website Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Couch Surfing the website - Essay Example The vision of the website is to see a world where everyone can explore and create friendships and connections with anyone that they encounter. The site has a rough estimate of about ten million users in more than two hundred different countries around the world. The site can be useful for students in student exchange programs and hitchhiking communities. Students and journalists use the site to meet new people, to hear about their travels, and make long lasting friendships. For professional journalists, this site can be of great use to them to learn about new places that they can visit. Website owners can use this website to create awareness for their websites. This is easy because one can generate traffic to their own website by connecting with friends on the social network site and directing them to website by providing web links. The platform is also useful for discussion forums where you can post pressing issues and invite friends to discuss them. This way, a student can get ideas about a project that needs assistance from the website

There was a perdominant clan mind set in appalchia and in turn Term Paper

There was a perdominant clan mind set in appalchia and in turn influenced feudings in appalchia. Scottish and irish and welsh im - Term Paper Example It is important to note that the Appalachians did not have trust in the justice system and hence resolved most of their issues of conflict with violence. Settlements 1The mountainous regions were invaded by the settlers from Irish, Scottish and those from welsh. The understanding of these earlier settlements in Appalachian is sometimes difficult with respect to the time they settled and the purpose for their immigration into this land. It is believed that the Irish and the Scottish were the first to settle within the mountainous regions. The main purpose for these settlements was to come and bring Christianity to their new found land and hence revolutionize the people who inhabited this region. It is also important to note that the settlers who came to this region were mainly Christians who loved music very much. Their purpose of civilization and the spread of their respective religious believes were however very futile. One important thing with these settlements however was noticed as music and the spread of music in this region; however, they found many challenges. There were very few churches as well as very few Christians and hence it was very difficult to establish themselves well. However, they mainly settled along the coastal regions along the North Carolina coasts, cape Fear River as well as Wilmington. However, few others found themselves in Appalachian highlands. These settlements were very important in the Appalachian since they affected the music of the Appalachian highlands as well as the life styles. The living styles were affected much by the Scottish and the Irish who came with the idea of Christianity and forgiveness. However, they faced challenges of remoteness and the inability to communicate efficiently within the region because of the physical barriers that were created by the mountainous topography of the place. However, Appalachian served as a new land for transformation since it resulted into the transformation of the people and their be liefs. It is however important to note that this took long time since the population was highly dispersed with reference to their population. 2Physical barriers served as the stumbling blocks to civilization and resulted into lack of trust for the legal systems that existed. Because of this, the option that remained for the people in case of conflicts and disputes was to resort to wars and violence. The mistrust they had with the legal system played a very important role in later years after settlement in the ignition of conflicts and violence that resulted into long periods of feuds as reported by researchers. It is also important to note that as new settlers, they did not only perceive courts and the systems as inappropriate but they also perceive d the people in the same way. 3Appalachia regions were isolated due to its topography and hence reaching there was not easy. This resulted into lagging behind other regions in terms of social, political and economic development. It is al so believed that these people were not well educated and hence there was no public awareness with respect legal system and the procedures to seek justice through the courts. Among all these, cultural beliefs and poverty played an important role in determining the way of life of the Appalachian

Experiment for Identification of Paracetamol

Experiment for Identification of Paracetamol PATRICK ANTWI MANU IDENTIFICATION OF PARACETAMOL THROUGH THE USE OF PHARMACOPIEA TEST ABSTRACT Paracetamol is widely used (NHS Choice, 2012) for the relief of minor pain, toothache, headaches, symptoms of cold and reduces of patient’s temperature (control fever symptoms). It is classified as a mild analgesic agent. The following procedures were used during the experiment of identification of paracetamol. TLC method is important for separation of mixture. This technique is commonly used to determine the presence of particular compound through comparison of Rf values of both unknown samples and the standard samples. Melting point analysis is also useful for identification of compound. The melting point range can be indicated and recorded with the help of a thermometer. For instance, the melting point of paracetamol ranges from168 to172 degree Celsius Infra-red spectroscopy is one of the most essentially useful methods for identification of compound. It is usually used to identify medicines that contain correct drug in most pharmaceutical industries. Structural information about the functional group of unknown compounds can be ascertained through the use of infra-red spectroscopy. Significantly, the results generated during this experiment attest the accuracy and importance of these methods for identification of compounds. For example, the Rf values of TLC method as well as infra-red spectroscopy analysis demonstrated the presence of paracetamol and cafeine in sample ‘B’ and ‘D’ respectively. INTRODUCTION Paracetamol is the best alternative choice for children and ulcer patients who have a minor pain such as headache and children. Consequently, too much it (NHS Choice 25/06/2012) can cause severe harm to the kidney and the liver. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT Identify paracetamol from various unknown samples through pharmacopeia test. Hypothesis The range of melting point of the samples that contain paracetamol would be (168 to 172) degree Celsius. Again, the samples that contain paracetamol only would turn into violet without changing to red after the experiment D. The Rf values of unknown samples that contains paracetamol would be the same as the Rf value of the standard sample when compared. Apparatus used for the experiment Micro-spatula UV-light Indicator IR spectroscopy Melting apparatus Pencil Rule Chromatography tank TLC plate Thin capillary tube Conical flask Beaker Micro-pipette Materials used Ethyl acetate Four unknown samples Water Dichromate METHODS Melting point analysis Melting point analysis was conducted for all the four unknown samples labelled A, B, C, and D. Small amount of crystals of each unknown samples was fetched into the melting point capillary tube. The capillary tube contained the sample was placed into the melting point apparatus. The samples temperature was measured with digital thermometer. Hence, both initial and final melting point of the samples was observed and recorded. This experiment was repeated twice to obtain the ranges of the melting point. INFRA-RED TECHNIQUE During the experiment, the arm of IR spectroscopy was cleansed with (ethanol) alcohol. The background of IR spectroscopy was scanned. Hence, each sample was placed on the mouth of the IR spectroscopy and scanned. The wavelength detected the various bound in each compound. Copies of each compound scanned was printed out for observation and reading. EXPERIMENT D FOR IDENTIFICATION TEST ANALYSIS The experiment D was conducted for all the four unknown samples labelled A, B, C, and D. 0.1g of each unknown samples were measured with macro spatula and 1ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to it. The solution was gently shake and heated to boil for about three minutes. 1ml of water was added to the boiling solution. After boiling, the solution was then placed in an ice bath to cool. Observation was made and there was no precipitation form. Therefore, 0.05m of 4.9/L solution of potassium dichromate was added to it and the colour developed for sample ‘B’ was violet without changing into red. However, the colour developed for sample ‘A’ was slightly red and changed to purpled whilst sample ‘C’ and ‘D’ developed yellow hint colour and diluted violet colour respectively. TLC METHOD A solvent system of about 20ml of ammonia: methanol: chloroform (1:19:80) was placed into the chromatography tank. A filter paper was placed against the wall inside the chromatography tank. The tank lid was placed on to prevent the evaporation of the solvent. The tank was left for about twenty minutes to allow saturated atmosphere to be formed. TLC method was conducted by using four unknown samples labelled A, B, C, D and ethyl acetate. During the experiment, a solution was made from each of the four unknown samples A, B, C, and D respectively. Thus, about 10mg of each sample was fetched with micro-spatula into the small beaker and dissolved with the small volume of ethyl acetate. Moreover, TLC plate was prepared by measuring 1.5cm distance from the edge of the plate with a rule. A horizontal line was drawn and marked the intervals with a pencil. The distance in between each interval was about 1.5cm apart. The line was demarcated into six intervals for the four unknown samples as well as the standard samples, which comprises of paracetamol and caffeine solution. Each solution was fetched with the help of a micro-pipette and spotted on the TLC plate at different intervals. In addition, the standard sample solutions of paracetamol and caffeine were spotted on the same plate at different position. Thus, spot A, B, C, D, Par and Caff in that order. The TLC plate was placed into the chromatography tank and covered with the lid. The solvent then moved up gradually through capillary action. Hence, the solute spotted on the TLC plate moved up along with the solvent (thus, mobile phase). TLC plate was removed from tank when the solvent reached about 2cm distance to the edge and marked with a pencil. Moreover, the plate was left to dry for about 20 minutes. After the evaporation of the solvent has taken place, TLC plate was then placed under the UV light for observation. A drawing was made with a pencil around the new spots formed on the plate. A measurement of the distance travelled by both solvent and substance were recorded. The Rf value was calculated for both unknown samples and the standard samples. Therefore, the Rf value was calculated base on the formula below. Rf value = distance travelled by substance divided by the distance travelled by solvent. Finally, the Rf values of unknown samples were compared with Rf values of the standard samples. The Rf value for paracetamol Rf = 3.90/6.1 Rf value = 0.639 = 0.64 RESULTS (b). Melting point analysis results SAMPLES A B C D MELTING POINT RANGE 171- 175 171 172 200 206 159 The sample ‘A’ is a bit higher than the normal range of the standard paracetamol sample. Equally, sample ‘B’ indicated the presence of paracetamol as the ranges 171-172 degree Celsius (c). (d). EXPERIMENT D FOR IDENTIFICATION ANALYSIS results SAMPLES A B C D Colour of solution Slightly red and turned to purple Violet Yellowish hint Dilute violet Sample ‘A’ developed purple colour which shows para-aminophenol The colour achieved for sample ‘B’ was violet which show positive result and it was therefore indicated the presence of paracetamol. The colour developed for sample ‘C’ was yellow hint which indicated the presence of caffeine. However, sample ‘D’ developed diluted violet colour which shows the presence of caffeine and paracetamol. Infra-red analysis results Sample AÂ   Sample B Bond Functional group Frequency / wave number absorption cm-1 Intensity v N-H amine 3319.12 stretch strong v C-H 2794.94 stretch strong/medium v O-H Hydrogen bond in alcohol, phenol 3109.51 stretch Strong v C=C 1650.71 Aromatic stretch s v C=O 1609.82 amide stretch N-H delta amide 1562.66 amide bend v C=C Aromatic stretch 1504.96 aromatic stretch The functional group obtained on sample ‘B’ indicated the presence of paracetamol. Sample C Sample D (g). Results for TLC analysis STANDARD SAMPLES Paracetamol Caffeine Rf values from TLC analysis 0.64 0.89 SAMPLES A B C D Rf values from TLC analysis 0.74 0.64 0.89 0.73 The Rf values calculated for TLC analysis indicated that sample B is paracetamol when compare with the standard samples. Thus, 0.64 Compound A, C, and D are less polar since they travelled faster and further in the mobile phase and they are more attracted to the mobile phase than compound B. However, compound B is more polar and travel slowly in the mobile phase. It is most attracted to the stationary phase. Discussion The experiment D of sample ‘B’ clearly showed positive outcome and indicated the presence of paracetamol as violet colour was achieved. In addition, TLC analysis also indicated that sample ‘B’ was paracetamol when Rf value of unknown samples ‘compared to the standard samples. Therefore, this shows the accuracy and precision of the positive outcomes of the experiment. Equally, the ranges obtained from melting analysis for sample ‘B’ also confirmed the presence of paracetamol. Experiment D of sample ‘A’ showed deep purple colour and the infra-red analysis confirmed that, it is para-aminophenol. Moreover, both experiment D, TLC method and infra-red analysis confirmed the presence of caffeine in sample ‘C’. However, sample ‘D’ developed dilute violet colour TLC analysis which shows a mixture of (two compounds) paracetamol and caffeine. The infra-red analysis also confirmed that, sample ‘D’ was a mixture of two compounds. Time SUMMARY REFERENCE Barber, J., Rostron, C.,(2013). Pharmaceutical Chemistry Hill, G., Holman, J,. (2011) Chemistry in Context. 6th edition NHS Choice, (25/06/2012). Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Painkillers-paracetamol/Pages/Introduction.aspx APPENDICES Mobile phase: Rf value: retention factor for thin layer chromatography. Stationary phase: TLC: thin layer chromatography UV light: ultraviolet light

Health Campaign Essay

Health Campaign three on diabetes serves to implement change in population health. The main focus of this presentation is on recommendations for implementing and assessing the change in population. The presentation is to discuss the various recommended implementations to improve the health of diabetic population by addressing the social, economic and cultural factors. The paper also recommends different approaches in place for the diabetic population such as the programs, policies, laws, and environmental aspects for assessing the health and wellness of the target population. The paper addresses several challenges related to improving the health of the diabetic patients by examining the global implications, environmental factors and disease prevention. Finally the paper summarizes the epidemiology and other data models used by the managers for decision making and to anticipate future trends. Mass media campaigns are the treatments based on mass media channels to present subjects abou t the physical activity to big and undefined audience. These campaigns are presented to enhance awareness and knowledge of the gains of the physical activity, and beliefs about the physical activity, alter physical activity behavior in diabetic populations. The subject matter can be channelized via as newspaper, brochures, manuals, radio, television, and websites or in a combination. Social support networks for diabetes using internet and mobile applications. Social support networks uses mobile applications for diabetes such as M-health for the daily monitoring and self-management of diabetes (Chomutare, et al., 2013). Economic factors include awareness of the direct medical cost and indirect medical cost for diabetic management is important for the population. Direct medical cost which is the average medical expenditures among people diagnosed with diabetes is twice as higher than the people without diabetes. Indirect cost is more than 69 billion which includes the cost for disability, work loss, and premature death (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Building cross cultural relationships by one to one  interaction connects each other in a culturally diverse community. Building relationship with people from different cultures including the minority population is the key in building diverse community that are powerful enough to achieve the goals. Bringing quality of health care into culturally diverse community by sturdy and caring relationships based on the trust, understanding and shared goals (Noll, 2012). National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) works with partners to reduce the burden of diabetes and to prevent or delay the onset of type-2 diabetes and its complications using proven approaches. National Diabetes Prevention Program partnerships with community organizations, insurers, health care organizations, employers and governmental agencies. The National Program to Eliminate Diabetes Related Disparities in vulnerable population assist community partners in planning, organizing, developing, implementing and evaluating community based interventions to decrease the incidence of diabetes. National Public Health Institution on Diabetes and Women’s Health enhances approaches to improve access and quality of care for women with gestational diabetes. Road to Health is designed for African American and Hispanics at risk for type-2 diabetes, which is a community outreach program reinforcing the prevention or delay of diabetes. Laws on nutritional labels provide information on carbohydrate counting and helps to compare foods and to make better choices. Food labels can be essential tool for diabetic meal planning (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Environmental and policy approaches are planned to promote opportunities, provide support, and reminds people to be more physically active. Enhanced spaces for physical activity involves an attempt to change the existing environment to create physical activities, such changes include making walking trails, promoting exercise facilities, and providing access to existing nearby facilities. Environmental modification for creating walkable communities, increases physical activity levels by development of adequate trails, sidewalks, pedestrian spaces to bike, jog, and walk. The land use policies and practices involve the efforts of planning and health care professionals to change the physical environment of urban area to support physical activities. The land use policies should support improvement of ecofriendly spaces, increased sense of community, and increased consumer choices for places to reduce stress. Transportation and travel policies will facilitates walking, bicycling and use of public  transportation. Also, increased parking cost will promote the use of public transportation (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). The global rise in the non-communicable disease presents a tremendous challenge in public and private health care sectors. With complex and variable determinants of health non-communicable disease like diabetes is estimated to increase the global burden of disease and death rates. Diabetes accounts for more than fifteen percentage of National Health care Budgets, and almost triple the health care resources. Many of the countries have improved the health care infrastructure which is fragmented, but still it remains inadequately funded and non-operational. Environmental challenges include the lack of exercise, obesity, rapid Westernization of low and middle income countries and changes in diet habits (Tjota, et al., 2011). Encouraging public awareness about healthy diet, and promoting physical activity facilitates to overcome the challenges. Another challenge is the inadequate workforce in the public health sector, lack of adequate training on the disease prevention and health care promotion. Finally there is no enough evidence-based research materials to support the public health care for disease prevention and health care promotion. Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) is a conceptual model that uses Donabedian’s paradigm to draw the relationships among various factors such as the system factors, process of care and health care outcome. The model is used for decision making in diabetes treatments, identify barriers and better care outcomes for the people with diabetes. This model is launched by Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). TRIAD model is a cohort study in which the system factors include structure of the health care system, disease management steps, referral care and management, payment services and incentives, cost-containment steps and use of information system. In the process of care the model uses HbA1c testing, lipid testing, retinal examinations, micro albuminuria testing, annual foot examinations, and prescription of aspirin. The health outcome expectations include the glycemic control, blood pressure control, utilization and cost control, management of health status and symptoms, that includes cardiovascular disease, renal disease, retinopathy, and cholesterol control (Translating Disease Into Action for Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011). Conclusion Diabetes has become an epidemic that continues to rise and become the seventh leading cause of death among the population. Federal, state, and local agencies have placed various surveillance systems and recommends to assess how diabetes affect the community and the specific targeted population. Diabetes as a public health issue is aligned with the nationally identified health objective of Healthy People 2010 and continues to address the issue with improved methods of prevention and control of the disease. The presentation recommended implementation of the campaign for diabetes based on the social, economic, and cultural factors. It also revealed the various approaches taken by policy makers, department of law, various diabetes programs, and environmental aspects involved. The presentation assessed various challenges in improving the population health. Finally the presentation summarized the TRIAD model used by the managers for decision making purposes and to anticipate the future nee ds. Reference Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Diabetes Health Resource. Retrieved from http://cdc.gov/diabetes/status/us/index.htm. Chomutare, T., Tatara, N., Ã…rsand, E., & Hartvigsen, G. (2013). Designing a diabetes mobile application with social network support. Studies In Health Technology And Informatics, 18858-64. Noll, K. E. (2012). Cultural diabetes. (Order No. 1519974, University of Denver). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 86. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1112475764?accountid=458. Tjota, M. Y., Kozak, B. M., Chang, E. M., Wu, V. L., & Close, K. L. (2011). Journal of Diabetes NEWS. Journal Of Diabetes, 3(3), 174-181. doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00140.x Translating Disease Into Action for Diabetes Fact Sheet. (2011). Diabetes Public Health Resource. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/projects/research.htm.

Playing an Instrument Essay

People have different reasons for doing things. Some believe that writing, playing instrument and eating give joy and happiness. When we talk of instrument, different things crop up, such as musical instruments, working instruments, manufacturing instruments etc. In this work, there will be comprehensive details about playing an instrument. We will focus only on playing a musical instrument. For this purpose, we will cover the different aspect of musical instrument. How people learn to play instruments, what benefits people get from playing an instrument, when to buy a musical instrument etc. There are different types of musical instruments, such as the guitar, keyboard, flute, saxophone etc. Musical instruments are of different types. We have the string instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments etc. Under each of these groups, we then have different instruments. For instance, under string instruments we have the violin, harp and guitar. These instruments are played in different ways, for instance playing a piano involves buying a preferred type, installing, getting a good teacher to put one through and trying different styles and listening to music, which will give insight into how the instrument must sound when been played. In the world today, playing any type of musical instrument have become some lovers’ of music priority. People try to learn how to play a musical instrument at all cost. Then who can play an instrument? What is of paramount is the interest in learning to play. If the interest is not there then, playing or learning might be a problem. When this issue has been established, the next thing is getting a good tutor who can take one through the rudiments of playing such an instrument. There are things that should be put in place in other to learn how to play a musical instrument. One of such things is patience. This is one aspect should be taken seriously. In other, to learn anything in life the issue of patience cannot be taken for granted. You have to be patient. Another issue is the practice. You have to be repeating or practicing this act almost every time or everyday in other to master it. Learning to play an instrument is not a days or weeks job. This act has to be continuous and consistent for sometime until one is perfect. Another aspect is paying attention to the rudiments or skilled that will be needed in learning the instrument. There should be full concentration. However, people have different motives for learning how to play an instrument of any kind. In the context of our discussion, people desire to play instrument because of what they will get. These might come in form of financial reason, pleasure or happiness. Why some specific people may want to learn how to play instrument because of the financial benefit that is attached to it, others may what to learn how to play these instrument at leisure or for pleasure. Then what are the benefits of playing an instrument. One of such is that this act teaches discipline because playing an instrument is like trying to learn a new language, which in some cases can be demanding. Therefore, you have to be disciplined in other to learn how to play these instruments. Another benefit one can get from playing an instrument is can be having a sense of accomplishment. At start, when one starts to learn it might look like a challenge, but when the act is mastered, one can be proud of it. It can also be a means of exercise. Sometimes when we are strained out we can just try our hands on an instrument to cool off and relax. Moreover, there are different problems people may encountered when playing an instrument. For instance in buying a grand piano the issue of quality is vital. If you want buy any instrument there are some things that are vital and of most important. Quality is one of the things that are vital. In addition, costs and functions are also vital. For example, the work of a lead guitar is different from the bass guitar. There can also be problem caused by the instruments itself such as the bowing of the violin. These can be harmful on the part of the person playing it. In conclusion, playing of any instrument depends on different aspect of life: interest, skills and efforts. This write up has been able to give meaning to the phrase playing an instrument.

Moonlight Professor Ramos Blog

Moonlight Yes girl get me one more shot, says the girl at the bar. She has been drinking for over an hour straight and all she can think about is a man missing in her life but out in the open she looks very happy to be with her friends. It is Friday and she has been drinking all night nonstop, at this point she is stumbling and is about ready to call her friend to come pick her up.Sarah! Sarah! she screams. girl i need you to come pick me up, Im drunk and they are getting ready to close, says the girl. Okay Im coming right now just be outside in 10 minutes, answers Sarah. During the 10 minutes the girl at the bar was still slamming shots and ends up taking 3 more shots before she ends up leaving her wallet on the bar table. luckily she had her I.D in the wallet so the bartenders were able to determine who it was and were going to be able to keep it for her for next Friday. Sarah arrives and the girl stumbles into the car barely even able to walk on her own and Sarah proceeds to take her home after a wild night a the bar. A day later goes by and the girl realizes that she had left her wallet in the bar and plans to go next Friday to grab her belonging. a week goes by and she finally goes back to the bar to go get her wallet. she walks in and doesnt the wallet on the bar counter where she was drinking and now she starts to get a little worried that someone stole her wallet after 30 seconds of standing and brainstorming where her wallet could be she decides to go up to the bartender and ask to see if he had seen a wallet. He responds you are in luck young lady, about ten minutes ago a young man had turned it in to us and said he found it on the ground with footprints all over it. she replies o thank God! i thought i would have never gotten it back because usually bars are notorious for stealing wallets and valuable belongings. she asks the bartender if the man who turned in the wallet was still in the bar so she can go thank him for turning it in. the bartender pointed to a man that had been drinking w ith his friends and responds him right there with the navy blue shirt on and the tan khakis. She happily walks over to the man to thank him not knowing that he was actually the love of her life. She walks up to him and notices his gleaming white smile with nice slicked back hair. she was in complete awe as soon as she laid eyes on him. The man saw love at first sight also and he was surprised at the beauty in her wavy blonde hair and shiny nice nose piecing she had in at the time. In her head she was for sure she has seen her lover and on the other hand the guy was pretty sure he was going to have to get her number because he knew he wouldnt be able to lie with himself if he never got to see her again. In person they both kept composure and the conversation was going very smooth until the guy asks the girl for her number. at this point in the conversation the mans friends had moved to the other side of the bar to let them have there privacy. The man looked up after asking the girl t he question and sees her cheeks automatically start turning a pinkish red. the girl looks to him and instantly responds with her number. the guy says ill give you a call and returns to his friends on the other side of the bar and as he is walking back his friends are looking at him with a smirk on there face because they knew he got the job done 3 days pass and the girl is very nervous that the guy most likely wont hit her up again, she sets her phone on the table and goes in the kitchen to go do the dishes. when she hears her phone beep because she got a notification, and she checks her phone and its the gut from the bar and he wanted to know whether she would be happy to go get lunch with him. She responded absolutely i would love to go, Im free at 4 so you can come pick me up then. He answers sounds good. 4 oclock hits and he picks her up to go get some sandwiches. Everything was going very smooth and they connected vibes almost instantly on lunch and in the back of both there heads they knew they were perfect for each other. After the date was over the girl asked the guy if he would like to come over and his automatic answer was yes. at this point in the night it was 7:45 pm and they were driving back to the girls house to go have a little fun. As soon as they get to her house she grabs his hand and takes him upstairs in her room and they instantly start making out and touching each other until they end up in bed. They both are laying in the bed cuddling when suddenly they both calm down and both stair out the window and see the full moon out. He looks at her and says i love you Julia, and she whispers back to him ,I love you too Max.

External Environmental Analysis of Hallensteins

External Environmental Analysis of Hallensteins External Environmental Analysis of Hallensteins Hallensteins operates in an industry which is highly competitive. The performance of the market is highly affected both internal and external environmental factors. However, macro-factors have the potential of affecting the economic productivity of the firm (Dun Bradstreet, 2007). These external factors can be analyzed using the porters fives forces model. This model is essential in conducting an industrial analysis of the clothing market of New Zealand. Using this model, Hallensteins economic and industrial performance can be analyzed as discussed below. Competitive Rivalry Just like the rest of the firms, globalization has affected the clothing industry of New Zealand. Using the porters model, competitive rivalry in the clothing industry (especially mens wears) affects the profitability and economic potentials of growth and development of Hallensteins. Amid this intense competition, Hallensteins has remained profitable over time. As noted by the CEO, the changes in the fiscal and monetary policy adopted by the government of Australia and New Zealand had impacted on the purchasing power of the consumers (Bollard, 2002). Hallensteins faces still competition from fashion and clothing firms such as DHL Express Fashion Export Scholarship. The clothing industry of New Zealand is a perfectly competitive industry with free entry and exit. The fashion and mens wear traded in this industry have close substitutes which are highly differentiated. This allows for stiff and fair competition in the industry. The power of suppliers The suppliers determine the success of an industry. This is the same situation in the fashion industry where Hallensteins operates. Hallensteins depends on both imports and exports as their main suppliers. This implies that the industry operates in a fairly competitive industry with respect to supplies (Roy, 2009). Therefore, suppliers determine the success of Hallensteins through manufacturing quality products for both men and women and at the same time ensuing study supply of the much needed fashion and clothing essentials. The power of buyers A market only exist where there are willing and able buyers. Buyers are highly sensitive to price, quality and taste and preferences. For Hallensteins, the main group of customers is men. Given the competitive nature of this industry and the free accorded to the buyers, Hallensteins success rests on how well it match the changing needs of the customers in the fashion industry. Hallensteins target men as the most potential group of consumers because of their relatively higher purchasing parity and economic dominance (Rutland, 2005). Threats of substitutes Customers in the fashion and clothing industry of New Zealand have a variety of products and clothes to independently choose from. This gives them a chance of satisfying their diverse interests and preferences. For instance, there are range of mens shirts, coats, trousers, and shoes which consumers can choose form. Substitutes become a threat when their prices are relatively cheaper, and the consumers are ready to make a product switch. New Entrant Threat Since Hallensteins operates in a perfectly competitive industry with no legal barriers to entry or exit, other international fashion firms are free to enter the clothing industry of New Zealand. The entry of new firm or manufacturers is a big threat to the future success of Hallensteins as this would imply stiffer competition for the limited resources (Roy, 2009).

The Paintings of Rococo, Neoclassicism, and Romanticism Essay

The Paintings of Rococo, Neoclassicism, and Romanticism - Essay Example The essay "The Paintings of Rococo, Neoclassicism, and Romanticism" explores the Rococo, Neoclassicism, and Romanticism art. The subjects are well mannered, smartly attired, and joining in lighthearted conversation. "Pilgrimage by Cythera" draws the viewer into the scene with its non-threatening use of composition. Rococo paintings would often use a touch of nudity and coy scenes to elicit a feeling of naughtiness. The end of the 18th century witnessed a return to a more formal style of painting known as Neoclassicism. More serious subjects replaced the gaiety of Rococo and color became more dark and brooding. The "Oath of the Horatii", commissioned in 1784, was painted by Jacques-Louis David (Jacques-Louis David). It is a sharply contrasted painting with sharp edges and depicting conflict. The painting uses abrupt angles to capture a cold and rigid feeling. In David's painting we see the intricate attention to detail that is displayed in the architecture and the metal swords reflect the sharpness of the tone. The women are sullen as if saddened by an upcoming loss or introspecting on their subservient position that was common of the period. The period of 1800-1850 saw the introduction of Romanticism in art. The paintings were often directed toward nationalism and regularly used to portray historical events. In Eugà ¨ne Delacroix's "Massacre at Chios" we see Greeks waiting their impending slaughter by the Turks. The human form is more detailed and more serious. The colors are more realistic and haunting.

Evaluation of Routing Protocols Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Evaluation of Routing Protocols - Essay Example Evaluation of Routing Protocols There are many routing protocols available as they define ‘what a router will do and decided for a specific data packet’. There are two types of routing fundamentals on which these protocols are based, named as Static Routing and Dynamic Routing. The following sections contains advantages and disadvantages of each routing protocol specified along with its administrative distance, metrics, periodic updates, triggered updates, partial updates, VSLM / CIDR subnet masking and algorithms. As per network dictionary it is defined as â€Å"Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a standard for exchange of routing information among gateways and hosts. This protocol is most useful as an â€Å"interior gateway protocol†. It is also knows as Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). Frame Relay protocol is implemented for WAN networks associated with LAN internetworking. It functions on physical layer and data link layer of the OSI model, to endow with robust and efficient mechanism for transmitting data. The transmission encompasses multiple routers and switches. Moreover, this protocol is identical to X.25 protocol that activates stations located at the end to share dynamically the network and bandwidth available. Two techniques are associated with Frame relay: As it is based on packet switching, the two techniques are Variable length Packet technique and statistical multiplexing. However, frame relay

Select ONE country and consider the countrys current and likely future Research Paper

Select ONE country and consider the countrys current and likely future role in transnational crime over the next decade - Research Paper Example â€Å"The porous ness of the border with Mexico, which has recently become a major trading partner for the United States, in particular reinforces peoples perception that the nation is not in the control of its destiny† (Petrie & Reuter, n.d pg 2). The improvement in the technology has also added to the woes of United States, with communication being made easier the international borders have become very permeable. Traditional criminal activities were limited to a particular criminal trade while the present transnational crimes are global in nature and even diverse in dimensions. These crimes are not limited to a particular form and the groups involved in these crimes also are results of motivated groups who aim at destruction, example terrorist groups (Walia, n.d). â€Å"A well know example of transnational crime in the form of terrorist attacks is the 9/11 attacks in USA which caused economical damages of 15 million dollars to the infrastructure as well as costed life of mo re than 3000 people† (Walia, n.d, p. 2). In this paper we try and discuss the different kinds of transnational crimes and understand America’s current and future role in the controlling and monitoring such crimes. The United Nations in the year 1995 defined International crime as the "offense whose inception, prevention and/or direct effect or indirect effects involved more than one country" (Petrie & Reuter, n.d, p. 8). We discuss the major transnational crimes under this section. We further discuss the laws and policies prevalent in the United States of America against these crimes in the past years. Money laundering is transferring of money through different countries so that the origin nation of the money becomes difficult to understand. The smugglers, drug traffickers, corrupt officials and public officials basically carry out laundering activities. These

Cialis Case Study Marking Scheme Essay Example for Free

Cialis Case Study Marking Scheme Essay Question 1 (25 Marks Total): According to information provided in the case, identify 3 main ED market segments. Describe each segment’s characteristics, including opportunities and barriers for adoption. Focus on key ED segments essential for future marketing campaign, as opposed to all possible segments. If sufficient information is provided in the case, identify potential size of the segment. -Correctly identifying demographics/age as a segment (2 marks) -Discuss main each age sub-group 20-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60+ segments (2 marks) and main barriers/opportunities to Cialis adoption: ED as a normal part of aging vs. waiting for condition to go away (2 marks); reasonably justified additional factors (up to 2 marks) -Correctly identifying Viagra usage status as a segment (2 marks) -Estimating size of Current Viagra Users/Viagra Drop-outs/Never tried Viagra segments – (1 mark) -Describing main barriers/opportunities to Cialis adoption by each sub-group: focus on willingness to try Cialis dimensions (2 marks); possible reasons for dropping Viagra use (2 marks); reasonably justified additional factors (up to 2 marks) -Correctly identifying Benefit of Duration as a segment (2 marks) -Describing main barriers/opportunities to Cialis adoption by each sub-group of prior Viagra users drop-outs vs. current users and those who have not tried Viagra (4 marks); reasonably justified additional factors (up to 2 marks) -Partial marks awarded for ED market segments not mentioned above and a convincing argument/description for such segment’s importance (up to 6 marks) Question 2 (10 Marks Total) – Discuss evolution of the Viagra brand, how it is positioned on the market vs. public’s perception of the brand and resulting opportunities for Cialis -Discuss early endorsement by Bob Dole and positioning (ie ED is a serious disease, targeting older age segment) (3 marks), followed by Mark Martin and change in targeting/brand messaging (associating Viagra with success and excitement, targeting younger age group) (3 marks) -Discuss the image of Viagra in popular culture and opportunities for Cialis (ridiculing public images creating barriers for men to overcome; partner perceives that her husband’s desire is a result of taking the pill, not genuine desire) (4 marks). Question (3) (20 Marks Total): Describe Pro’s and Con’s of positioning Cialis (1) vertically based on duration of benefit and (2) horizontally based on attitudes toward sex. For this question, consider potential success with each market segment described in Question 1 and discuss differences in profiles of Cialis vs. Viagra. Consider whether each positioning increases demand in general or converts Viagra users. -Pro’s and con’s of Vertical positioning based on ’36 hours vs. 4’ hours. Should include the following: oConvenience/Spontaneity/Week-ends (1 Mark) oEconomics/Frequency (1 Mark) oPotential safety concerns (1 Mark) oNo interaction with high-fat meals (1 Mark) oOr other factors, justified (up to 2 Marks) oEffective use of information provided in the case, particularly in-depth interviews to justify position (2 Marks) oEffective analysis of appeal to each segment (3 Marks) oEffect on demand (1 Mark) -Pro’s and con’s of Horizontal Positioning based on attitude towards sex for Cialis vs. Viagra. Should include the following: oRomantic lifestyle (1 Mark) oExcitement/success (1 Mark) oMore natural sex dynamics for couples (1 Mark) oHero-enabler/Man is the hero vs. the pill being hero (1 Mark) oOr other factors, justified (up to 2 Marks) oEffective use of information provided in the case, particularly in-depth interviews to justify position (2 Marks) oEffective analysis of appeal to each segment (3 Marks) oEffect on demand (1 Mark) QUESTION 4 (35 Marks Total) – By answering each of the sub-questions 1 through 5, discuss how you would launch Cialis into the market, paying careful attention to the fact that incumbent may create certain barriers to overcome; consider benefits for Cialis market share vs. the entire category and fit with each market segment. 1)Briefly state your marketing strategy (horizontal vs. vertical); summarize your product positioning and launch strategy (5 Marks Total) 2)Describe your chosen product attributes in the context of your positioning (hint: describe only attributes you can control: color, packaging, name, etc) (5 Marks Total) 3)Describe your pricing strategy and provide annual per customer revenue estimate (13 Marks total) -Analysis pricing target and market segments (5 Marks) -Analysis for pricing above/below Viagra (5 Marks) oFactors that should be covered: ï‚ §Price image effects ï‚ §Economic benefit to patient ï‚ §Consumer willingness to pay ï‚ §Impact of coverage by Health Plans -Per Customer Revenue Estimate (3 Marks Total): oEstimate revenue based on patient pills per year and proposed price (2 Marks) taking into account dropouts (1 Mark) or other relevant factors (up to 1 Mark) 4)Describe primary aspects of your launch strategy with respect to Pull vs. Push marketing (7 Marks Total). -Analysis should include the following factors: oAnalysis of relevant physician behavior – urologists vs. generalists; doctors may refuse prescriptions and do not initiate treatment oAnalysis of relevant consumer behavior oRole of partners oProduct promotions, other means to encourage trying Cialis oSales force requirements oConsistency with each target market and positioning 5)Describe your Communication Strategy (5 Marks Total) oAnalysis should include the following factors: ï‚ §Communication to each market segment ï‚ §Communicating to patients, partners, Viagra users, and physicians ï‚ §Which mediums should be deployed ï‚ §Who should be featured in adds, what age group(s), gender ï‚ §Event sponsorships and/or endorsements QUESTION 5 (10 Marks Total): Given your responses in Question 4 and by responding to sub-questions 1 and 2, discuss how Pfizer may respond to your Cialis positioning and how this may be addressed post product launch (7 marks); Discuss how Cialis could anticipate and respond to introduction of Levitra by GSK (3 marks). 1)Discuss how Pfizer may respond to Cialis positioning (7 marks) oAnalysis should include the following factors: ï‚ §Most likely response(s) from Pfizer ï‚ §Viagra’s long presence in the market ï‚ §Promotions/discounts on Viagra ï‚ §Thoughtful argument how Cialis camp might respond oDiscuss how Cialis could anticipate and prepare introduction of Levitra by GSK (3 marks). oAnalysis should include the following factors: ï‚ §Levitra profile ï‚ §Most likely positioning by GSK ï‚ §Response, if any, by Cialis camp

Morning Sickness :: essays research papers

Why do they call it morning sickness if I feel nauseated all day long? About three-quarters of all pregnant women have nausea (and sometimes vomiting) during their first trimester. For some, it's worse in the morning and gets better over the course of the day, but "morning sickness" can strike at any time. The nausea usually starts around 6 weeks but can come on as early as 4 weeks for some women, and it usually tapers off around 13 weeks as you start your second trimester, although queasiness can come and go throughout your pregnancy. What causes nausea and vomiting during pregnancy? No one knows what causes nausea during pregnancy, but it's probably due to some combination of the many physical changes taking place in your body. Some possible causes include: †¢ Rapidly increasing levels of hCG, estrogen, and other hormones during early pregnancy No one knows why they may contribute to your nausea, but the timing is right: Nausea tends to peak around the same time as your levels of these hormones do. †¢ An enhanced sense of smell and sensitivity to odors. It's not uncommon for a newly pregnant woman to find that she's now overwhelmed by the smell of a bologna sandwich from four blocks away, for example, and that certain aromas instantly trigger her gag reflex. This, too, may be a side effect of rapidly increasing estrogen in your system. †¢ A tricky stomach. Some women have a gastrointestinal tract that's more sensitive to the changes they're undergoing in early pregnancy. One study even found an association between h. pylori (a gastrointestinal bacteria that can cause ulcers) and severe nausea during pregnancy, although no one knows why the two may be related. You may have heard that morning sickness can be caused by a B vitamin deficiency. While taking a vitamin B6 supplement does seem to help ease nausea in many pregnant women, that doesn't mean they have a vitamin deficiency. In fact, at least one study has shown no significant differences in the levels of B6 in women with morning sickness and those without it. No one knows why B6 is helpful. Some researchers also believe that stress and emotions may also play a role in morning sickness, but it would be hard to say whether it's stress causing the nausea or the other way around. Are some pregnant women more likely than others to have nausea?

Evaluating China’s one child Policy Essay

During the 1970s, China felt the indenting need for a drastic policy that would be able to control its ever-expanding population and to begin development in its country and thus the one child policy was born, if the policy had not been instituted china would have faced severe famine and starvation as it would not have been able to cope with rapid growth. The policy was administrated in September 1981 and they called it ‘birth planning’ by which families were given a maximum limit of one child per family however in rural areas, couples were allowed to have two children and this was to help need on agricultural land and farming; those who try to breach this law would face severe consequences. The policy was considered as one of history’s ‘most ambitious pieces of social engineering’ as quoted from The Economist since the policy heavily intervened with families plans for the future and affected how most chines families would function in terms of having children. The policy governed by the Chinese government was said not to last no longer than a single generation and yet here in 2013, the policy still continues to proceed and there are little or no signs of a new policy or removal of this policy from the country. Administration Of Policy The policy in china was very drastic and therefore it contained many punishments for anyone who tried to breach the policy and the government also deployed many forces of administration to make sure that people were being monitored and that no one was trying for a second child. There were family-planning workers in every single workplace to grant families the ability to have a child if they had been on the waiting list and also at this point the couple would be presented with a special card which gives them authority to claim governmental benefits such as free education, free kindergarten facilities, free healthcare etc. on birth of the child. Police called the ‘granny police’, who were not actual police but represented the role of making sure woman were practicing using contraception and to had the objective of reporting on pregnancies so that the local authority would be able to work out whether a family is trying to have a second child illegally. Female women were also given education on the use of contraception and this was to try minimising the amount of unexpected pregnancies. Family planning officials levy huge fines of up to ? 20,000 from those who try to have a second child and this fine account for the estimated value of public services that the forbidden child would have received over its lifetime. Furthermore, in some areas the couple would have been stripped of their house, jobs and even the ability to live in a particular area of the country. Also in earlier time they would have been forfeited their rations and clothing benefits. Furthermore, women would have been given forced steralisations or contraceptive pills and their chances of being able to have children ever again would be removed if they were found guilty of trying to have a second child and this would impose that they would never be able to have a child even if they decide to migrate to another country. This kind of steralisations was only existent in certain provinces of China and it is currently completely abolished from all parts of china as it was considered to unforgiving for a punishment. Changes Generated by The One Child Policy. Without need to say, the obvious: the one child policy had caused a drop in the fertility rate in China. From the starting point of the policy in 1981 to now the birth rate has dropped from an above average 2. 9 to 1. 7 and this has lead to understand that the policy was successful and that it has tackled one of the country’s main concern which is an ever-expanding population. Furthermore, this drop has claimed to prevent up to 400 million births, which would otherwise have kept China’s population at 1. 7 billion currently compared to the 1. 3 billion that it actually is today. However, despite showing a drop in birth rate after the beginning of this policy, there are statistics that show that China’s fertility rates fell drastically during the 1970s and that the policy did not influence the drop in birth rates much. This suggests that the fertility rate was naturally decreasing so there was no need for the policy. This suggests that the policy did not control the country’s population greatly because the fertility rates had dropped severely just before the commencement of the policy. Therefore the implementation of such a severe policy has now indented Chinese people’s concept of families and even if the policy was to be removed people will still continue to have few children and this would not have been the case if fertility rates were allowed to naturally decrease to make the population eventually stable much alike how most other countries have progressed through the demographic transition such as Russia, Germany and Japan. The rapid fall in fertility rate just before the one child policy is clearly shown in the graph that is on the previous page; the graph was taken from the GapMinder webpage which holds information about the world demographic and thus is very reliable. Another negative impact of the one child policy was a case of female infanticide. In fact, this is an interesting concern as it has lead to china presenting a population where there are about 120 Chinese men for every 100 Chinese women and thus there is a shortage of women. There was a severe amount of female infanticide for several reasons. Firstly a male child was seen as more superior for the use on farmland and for the use on agricultural land as men were seen as stronger characters compared to women. Secondly, only the male would be able to carry forward the family name and in China there was a great cultural desire to carry forward a family name to keep the family advancing through generations. Finally, men are usually the main income-earners, either because they are more employable or earn higher wages for the same work, or because they are able to do more agricultural work in subsistence economies. Since male babies have a greater income potential, they are more desired over females and thus female births were usually abandoned or killed. There are some stories of extreme discomfort where female babies have been flushed down toilets and drowned, as they were not considered valuable to Chinese family. Furthermore, the shortage of females in China has lead to a generation where there are â€Å"too many men†, and this was caused by the desire to have a male child in the family. The result of the one child policy has meant that there are 1000 million women whom would else be existent if the policy wasn’t introduced and thus this social engineering has converted the a balanced gender country into an imbalanced country with more men. This has lead to desire to import woman known as human trafficking where women are smuggled using from Burma and North Korea and the women are used as prostitutes or sold as wives and domestic servants in parts of china. This is a negative outcome of the policy by which women are used inappropriately and are illegally imported from other countries. Furthermore, it is expected that by the year 2030 there could be up to 20-30million bachelors in chine whom are unable to find a partner and this would further increase the desire and temptation to want female prostitutes and this will create an illegal transportation of women to china from neighboring countries. Another disadvantage of the policy is that a generation of not enough children is developing in china and this results in not enough children to look after parents which could mean that the country could grow old before it is able to develop it’s economy and becoming rich by limiting the mouths to feed as it is trying to do so using the one child policy. In china this lack of children is called the ‘4-2-1’ dilemma and as The Economist suggests this is where each couple has the job of looking after four parents and one child. This creates a dilemma as the couple’s parents become aged and need the help of the couple and thus the couple have the cost of having to look after their parents all on their own as they would not have any siblings and thus china has created a problem for families trying to develop as they will have a shortage of money to spend elsewhere in the economy to try boost the countries development stage. The imbalanced structure of china’s population also hints that the working force will come to an end by 2020 and therefore this would mean that the country would not be able to further develop and this has again raised pressure on the Chinese government to introduce further amendments to the one child policy. For example, Hu Jintao suggested allowing more than one birth but between longer gaps and also the scrapping of the birth quota so that couples could still have a child even if the maximum number of children in a certain area is reached. This would help to regain a large population of workers in the future generation to continue with the countries development without having to deal with another expanding population. The article presented by The Economist has dealt with many defects of the one child policy including the extortionate amount of female infanticide, the illegal need for a second child, female imports, ‘4-2-1’ issue and the fact that the country could have still developed without the policy as statistics showed that fertility rates were naturally decreasing as people become more educated and this would therefore have reduced to country’s large population and allowed the country to develop as the government would have to feed fewer people and also if the policy had not been introduced there would not be effects one some females lives who have been sterilized permanently after the birth of the first child because this would prevent the mother from having another child ever. Also, the Chinese government are now unable to scrape the policy because they have not alternatives that could be administrated on the scale of the one child policy and therefore the government suggests ‘we will stick to the family-planning policy for decades’ and this implies that the removal of the policy would have a considerate difference on China’s population and that it could possibly improve the gender imbalance which is not of great interest to china as demographers suggest the removal of the policy would suggest a rapid increase in population once again and this would mean that the country would not be able to achieve its goal which is to become a well developed country with a high GDP. The charts below show what would happen to china’s population and its structure by 2050 if the policy was to be removed and as the first graph clearly suggests, the one child policy has been heavily successful in maintaining a smaller population and emphasis should be placed on the fact it is just a smaller population. Although, the population is smaller the structure of the population between men and women and groups of elderly, working class as well as those under 15 is highly imbalanced and as the chart on the right clearly imposes, if the policy was removed the demographic structure will become more balanced once again.